White Privilege in American Society Essay Example for Free

White Privilege in American Society Essay Privilege is the greatest enemy of equality. This quote from a noted Austrian novelist, Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach, perhaps describes the harm of white privilege on American society. By its very definition privilege is a grace bestowed on one over another (Webster, 2006). In that sense, privilege is in and of itself an opposition to equality. In racial terms, if one group has been historically privileged over another, there will never be equality between the groups until a catastrophic new beginning can occur removing all trace of the bestowed privilege. Privilege is the greatest enemy of equality. This quote from a noted Austrian novelist, Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach, perhaps describes the harm of white privilege on American society. By its very definition privilege is a grace bestowed on one over another (Webster, 2006). In that sense, privilege is in and of itself an opposition to equality. In racial terms, if one group has been historically privileged over another, there will never be equality between the groups until a catastrophic new beginning can occur removing all trace of the bestowed privilege. White American privilege is the result of a country developing around a racially charged society featuring whites on top. Since the inception of colonial America, Whites heeded themselves as the superior race. This is seen evident through the submission and elimination of the Native Americans as well as most directly in the institution of slavery. As the nation of riches began to develop, and the American Dream came into fruition, nonwhites were left out of any chance to profit. Skip ahead to present day and we see a nation that has made drastic leaps toward social equality between races, but still struggles with remnants of the past. Simply put, white privilege is the social advantage given to whites through wealth and power that nonwhites never had the opportunity to earn. Despite all of societys strides toward racial equality, how do you equalize the advantages one group has had over another? The most obvious advantage today is that of wealth. White Americans have had greater opportunity for previous generations to accumulate and pass on wealth to todays members, whereas nonwhite Americans were historically denied the opportunity to do so. Specific cases include the subjugation of a race with Native Americans, the enslavement of race as seen with Black Americans, and the fleecing of a race as seen with Japanese Americans. However, perhaps most prevalent, but certainly not obvious is the power that White Privilege bestows to White Americans. In a society being controlled by white Americans, it is natural for that society to show a bias toward whites. This bias manifests itself through legislation, opportunities and within the very fabric of society itself. However prevalent its effects might be, White Privilege seems nonexistent to those who benefit from it (McIntosh, 1989). In modern American society, as a nation that has existed with White Privilege, it is commonplace and goes by unnoticed to white Americans. Among its subtle manifestations, but arguably the most relevant, is the fact that actions committed by a white individual are attributed to that individual and very seldom to their race, whereas, actions committed by nonwhites are usually viewed as stereotypical of their race, even if those actions are in fact atypical. It is in these subtleties that the often made argument that disenfranchised white Americans do not benefit from the effects of White Privilege is proved inaccurate. The factor of wealth only gives a reason as to why white privilege exists. The fact that all but a very small percentage of wealthy Americans are white correlates to that fact that all but a very small percentage of Americans in power are white. The bias and controlling interest exerted by this white power majority is apparent through all aspects of American government. As described in The Coming White Majority a black man recalls coming to America, he quotes, We came here as Africans, but no one called us Africans. They called us Negroes (Maharidge, 1996). White Privilege is a phenomenon that cannot directly be undone. As discussed the underlying causes of White Privilege exist in the mindset and power structure of American society. Perhaps most conceivable would be to begin by diversifying the power structure of the government. However, as has been proven many times in American government, politics are won through financial support. So for this reason, we look again to wealth and must focus on equalizing the wealth of the nation. If, through these steps, we engineer a social system that has power equally distributed among races, there still remains the perceived power created by societal mindset. Unlike tangible aspects of government office and wealth, how can we conceivable attempt to change the minds of an entire society of people (Bonilla-Silva, 2006). It can be presumed that the only way to begin to undertake this task is through education. Contrary to popular belief, race cannot be ignored. Race education will help to educate both white Americans to be aware of phenomenon such as White Privilege, and to help educate nonwhite Americans in what to expect living in a society filled with White Privilege. As discussed, White Privilege is a permeating factor of American society and its effects slowly widen the riff between white and nonwhite Americans. However, although difficult, it is possible to begin to overcome the effects granted by White Privilege. Ignoring nonrealistic way such as a mass racial equalizing of wealth and power, the first step is to educate both sides of society in race relations throughout. After all, as has been coined may times, education and understanding are the end all of strife and despair. Works Cited Webster. Websters Dictionary. 2006 McIntosh, P. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Peace and Freedom. July 1989. Maharidge, D. The Coming White Minority. Random House Inc, 1996. Bonilla-Silva, E. Racialized Social System Approach to Racism, in Gallagher, Charles. Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

H1N1 Disease (Swine Flu): Causes and Treatments

H1N1 Disease (Swine Flu): Causes and Treatments H1N1 disease is also referred to as the swine flu. It is a new kind of influenza which has been causing illness in the society and was first detected in the year 2009 in the United States. It spreads from one individual to another just the way the regular seasonal influenza viruses spread. It is referred to as the swine flu because laboratory tests indicated that the genetic constitution of the virus was similar to the influenza viruses that are normally found in pigs (swine). The general symptoms of this disease include fatigue, muscle aches, sore throat, headache, chills, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and runny or stuffy nose. The specific symptoms found in the children includes troubles when breathing, bluish skin color, insufficient intake of fluids, lack of socialization, irritation on the body skin and fever which is accompanied by rashes. The agent cause of the H1N1 is the influenza A virus. This is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA which belongs to the orthomyxoviridae family. According to health officials, swine flu is contagious and its spread in the same way as the seasonal flu (coughing or sneezing). This is because every time a person infected with the swine flu coughs or sneezes, some tiny droplets containing this kind of virus are released into the air. Any person who comes into contact with these droplets is likely to get infected with this disease. Some of the risk factors associated with H1N1 are age and medical conditions. This is because certain age groups and those with prevailing medical conditions are likely to have complications if they are infected with this disease. For example children aged below 5 years and especially those who are below two years are likely to develop flu related complications. People aged 65years and above are also at higher risks of experiencing severe complications from this illnesses compared to the young people. This is because of the fact that human defenses become weaker as a person ages. Another vulnerable group to this H1N1 flu related complication s is the pregnant women. This is because this disease is both dangerous for the mother and the unborn child for its severity can be fatal. The medical conditions which can be complicated by H1N1 influenza infection include people with asthma, neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions, chronic lung disease, heart diseases (congestive heart fa ilure, congenital, coronary artery disease), blood disorders (sick cell anemia), endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus), kidney disorders, liver disorders, metabolic disorders (mitochondrial and metabolic). Other medical conditions will include the people with a weakened immune system as a result of medication or diseases such as cancer, chronic steroids HIV and AIDS (Cdc.gov 2010). People who experience severe or mild of the earlier mentioned characteristics should visit the public or private health facilities for treatment. There are several drugs which can be used in alleviating the H1N1 flu in people with severe illnesses or risk factors. This includes the antiviral drugs such as the Tami flu and Relenza. There are also monovalent H1N1 virus vaccines which were approved by the FDA in September 2009 (umm.edu 2009). During May last year this disease was viewed as a pandemic by many countries and also by WHO. It is highly respected my many countries because of the effects which it can bring to a countrys population. Many governments perceive this disease as a threat because it is still increasing at an alarming rate as many new countries get infected too. Governments are however fighting the threat of this disease by testing the sample of ill persons and also by shifting the surveillance efforts to reporting and monitoring of trends. H1N1 is a very dangerous disease which spreads very fast because its method of transmissions is very simple. I believe that its the duty of each individual to monitor the mentioned symptoms and then report to the health facilities so as to reduce the opportunistic infections which come with the disease. People should also go for vaccination so that they can reduce the effects of the disease. People who have the risk factors should also visit the health facilities so as to avoid the flu related complications. Countries should step up measures to curbing this surging numbers of cases resulting from the disease. References Cdc.gov. (2010). 2009 H1N1 Flu. Retrieved on 13th February 2010, from http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Umm.edu. (2009). H1N1 flu (swine flu) information. Retrieved on 13th February 2010, from http://www.umm.edu/news/swine_flu_qa.htm#9 What is a mortgage? What is a mortgage? Real Estate in Barcelona How to get a Mortgage What is a Mortgage? A mortgage is a loan or lien for a property/house which has to be paid within a specified period of time. It is usually a loan of money. A mortgage is a security for the loan that the lender makes to the borrower. Mortgage has many different shapes and sizes each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Types of Mortgages Fixed rate Mortgage This is suitable for those who prefer to know exactly what their monthly outgoings will be. Discounted Mortgage This type of loan is cheaper in the beginning and allows you to take advantage of any interest rate cuts. But if interest rate rises then your monthly payments will go up. Capped rate Mortgage This mortgage is a combination of fixed and discounted mortgages. Cashback Mortgage This is great for first-time buyers or those on a tight budget or has taken out a loan to use as a deposit for the mortgage. Once if the deal is done, your lender will reimburse a certain proportion of your mortgage loan. This could be as much as a couple of thousand pounds, depending on the lender and the size of the mortgage. Tracker Mortgage This normally follows movements in the base rate set by the Bank of England. Flexible Mortgage This is useful for couples starting a family or for those who are taking time out to study. You have to agree payment holidays with your lender. Taking time off could either increase your repayments later on or prolong your loan period. Tips to get a Mortgage Save a deposit Before getting a mortgage, first thing is to save enough money for a deposit. Financial Advice Think about how you want to repay your mortgage. Most people choose repayment loans also called capital and interest loans where part is paid back every month. By this, the whole loan is repaid at the end of its term. Find a lender Once if you have chosen the type of mortgage and the repayment method, you need to find a lender. How much can you borrow? The lender or mortgage broker will be able to tell you how much you can borrow. This is based on the following three factors Your income Your existing debt The size of your deposit Applying for a Foreign Mortgage in Spain When applying for a mortgage in Spain you need to make sure you have the following things Valid Passport, residence permit or Spanish ID card (NIE) New Building Resale Properties Three last salary slips of yours Three last bank statements of yours Spanish tax declaration for the last financial year (P60 form in UK) or if you are self-employed you need to provide tax slip for the last two years. International Banks with Spanish Mortgages The most straightforward option for a foreign buyer is to look to international banks, many of which have begun to offer special Spanish mortgages due to the large demand from internationals looking to buy in Spain. These are specifically catered to the Spanish housing market and deals with every aspect of translation, lawyers and insurance. Mortgage checklist Save a deposit Think about how much you can afford to pay each month on your mortgage Go through the different types of mortgages available Be prepared to get as much paperwork as possible in advance Always read the small print both on your mortgage and any insurance you intend to buy. It could save you a lot of money in the long run

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management Pain and Anxiety Management in Hospice care patients through Pet Therapy Arlena Davis Pet therapy is a form of treatment used in hospitals, nursing homes and educational institutions. It involves guided dealings between a trained animal, an individual and the animal trainer. Pet therapy offers patients the opportunity to improve their life through human-animal relations. The practice problem is to determine the effectiveness of using animals to aid humans cope better with health matters. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients. Background and Significance The focus of this research proposal will be on Hospice care; planned care to provide medical services, spiritual and emotional support to individuals who are in the advanced stages of illness. It centers on comfort and abundance of life rather than cure. Hunters and gatherers first used the pet therapy and the initial report was done in late 18th century at the York Retreat in Britain headed by William Tuke. Domesticated pets, marine creatures and farm animals are the most used. Several benefits are associated with pet therapy, lower blood pressure and reduced depression. A major problem of pet therapy is although scientists present the relationship between humans and companion animals as favorable, there is need for investigational studies to determine its effectiveness. In using pet therapy, it is important that the rights of the people affected as those of their animal companions be respected. The patient can choose the pet of his choice to improve their health. The pets used are service animals and must be allowed to accompany a disabled person wherever they go. However, caution should be taken to avoid pets with a temperament as they tend to be a nuisance. Elderly people and people suffering from chronic illnesses are the most affected. Pet therapy has its complications and can be costly. Failure of this therapy can result in a painful and intolerable death for a patient in a short period. Pet therapy gives hospice patients and their families some hope of a quality life. If this program fails, the family members of the patient might suffer from depression. It might also instill fear and uncertainty to patients undergoing pet therapy. Pet therapy can be costly because it entails hiring a certified and well-trained pet. In addition, hospice patients may need to be in a health facility. Review of Literature The research proposal discusses the different studies conducted concerning pet therapy by various authors. It includes both theoretical reviews of data previously recorded and empirical studies in different places with patients of different age groups. The different study designs applied by the authors include; systematic review of the evidence, Quasi-experimental investigations, review of qualitative studies, survey questionnaires, randomized control trial and pre-post quasi-experimental design. According to Stem (2011), pet therapy treatment enables patients in a hospice get short time relief from pain, stress and anxiety. He however did not have an in-depth analysis due to lack of quality research data. The review was conducted on the comments 31of professionals who used Animal Assisted therapy (AAT) for mental health care. Animal Assisted Therapy was beneficial (O’Callaghan, 2008). The method provided qualitative, and the interpretation could have been biased. A convenience sample of 58 residents living in a facility was studied to determine the changes in the use of medication. A Decline in pain Medication use (Lust, Ryan-Haddad, Coover, Snell, 2007). AAT helped in rehabilitating schizophrenic patients (Kovà ¡cs, Kis, Rà ³zsa, Rà ³zsa, 2004). The findings were made after surveying the independent living skills of seven schizophrenic patients at a hospice. In a different approach, pre-post quasi-experimental design was used on hospitalized patients with the aim of finding out the effects on not only their mood but also the cost incurred. Pet therapy improved mood in hospitalized patients and was cost effective (Coakley Mahoney, 2009). The patients in hospice care also include children. In this research proposal, a review of the effectiveness of pet therapy on them is also done. AAT has benefits for the children in pain. The group having AAT had a significant loss in pain level relative to the control group (Braun, Stangler, Narveson, Pettingell, 2009). Survey questionnaires also serve as an excellent source of conducting research. In one such instance used to investigate the effectiveness of pet therapy, Companion animals reduced anxiety (Peacock, Chur-Hansen, Winefield, 2012). The conclusion was made after reviewing the responses of a sample of 70 hospitalized patients. Persons with neurological conditions also get assistance through pet therapy to help improve their functioning. In one of the prospective studies, the researchers focused on the improvement in walking distance covered and the speed of the patient as well. Walking with a dog improved patient ambulation and patients responded positively to the experience (Rita, Brienne Joseph, 2007) However, the positive findings of using pet therapy do not reflect the opinions of all the researchers. Anxiety inventory did not decrease significantly but was low after Animal Assisted Therapy (Ekeberg Braastad, 2011). Also according to Bercovitz, Sengupta, Jones, Harris-kojetin, (2011), there are no differences in demographics, health, functional status between patients discharged from hospice or those who got complementary and alternative therapies CAT. They made this conclusion by reviewing the outcomes of complementary and alternative therapies. The different research methods applied by the researchers had their shortcomings. The most common being; lack of randomness in sample selection, biased interpretations due to use of either qualitative or quantitative information, the lack of evidence of the cause and effect and a limited sample size. The findings of some researcher proved quite unreliable, as they did not do follow-ups on their subjects. It is crucial to know how Animal Assisted Therapy works and which animals are best suited for this treatment. Research Problem Introducing a pet into the life of a patient has been proven to distract the patient from pain, anxiety and reduces hypertension. Furthermore, it helps patients regain control of their social and communication skills (unity point, n.d.). The caregivers use this option to provide palliative care; care aimed at reducing pain, suffering and discomfort in order to provide them with a better chance at living (1800hospice, n.d.). Control of pain and anxiety is the main aim of hospice care. The option is considered when one is no longer aggressive in treating illness and is ready to accept death. A caregiver’s responsibility is to offer the best therapy possible. The patients find it easier to interact with the animals than with family members (Hospice of North Central Ohio, 2014). Study Purpose Studies have indicated that the presence of a pet in the facility help relieve patients’ pain and gives the staff morale to continue providing care to the patients. The act of petting has an automatic and subconscious relaxing and calming effect (Methodist Health, 2014). Furthermore, the use of pets can help bridge the communication gap between the patient, the doctor and family (Matuszek, 2010). Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Definitions The theory of comfort asserts that comfort exists in three main forms; relief, ease and transcendence. When the comfort needs of the patient are met, he experiences comfort in the form of getting relief (March McCormack,2009). Ease facilitates the comfort of a patient through contentment by arraying any fears and anxiety from the patient. Transcendence facilitates the patient achieve a level of comfort by rising above any challenges during or after treatment. The theory posits that patient comfort occurs in four contexts; physical, psycho-spiritual, socio-cultural and environmental (Kolcaba DiMarco, 2005). It emphasizes that patients are individuals, families, institutions and even communities that need healthcare services. The environment encompasses any aspects of the patient, family or institution that nurses may manipulate in order to provide comfort to patients. Rationale The theory is a good fit for the study since it informs the need for nurses and patient’s relatives to pursue available methodologies to mitigate pain and patient discomforts. The theory fosters courage and spirit of enthusiasm and positivity and reminds nurses not to give up (Lasiuk Ferguson, 2005). The independent variable is pet therapy to reduce pain while the dependent variable is end of life patient management. The independent and dependent variables are linked to the concepts since the choice of appropriate therapies is ideal to effective patient management especially in the end of life processes. In order to attain desirable relief for the patient, the nursing personnel formulates proper nursing care plans and continuously evaluates comfort levels of the patient to determine the need for change (Melnyk Overholt, 2010). The nurse may use objective or subjective measures to evaluate the levels of comfort for the patient. Objective assessments involve, making observations of the patient and the healing process. Subjective measures include seeking the patient’s comments. Hypothesis Hospice care patients and their families will chose pet therapy as a feasible treatment option when end of life conversations are being debated at the time of diagnosis. Design and Rationale The research design will be in the form of a cross-sectional survey of pain and anxiety management in hospice care through pet therapy. It will be used to determine the success of this treatment and to predict its usefulness in future. The rationale of using the cross-sectional approach is because this proposal will focus on one variable; the effectiveness of pet therapy for hospice care using data collected in different institutions during the same period. Population and Sample The appropriate population for this proposal is the patients under hospice care. The sample will be chosen randomly which will include patients in hospitals, nursing homes and those in hospice care institution. Since the number of patients is large, the sample size for this study will be 60 patients involving people of different ages and suffering from different illnesses. Human Subjects Protection In conducting this study, the ethical practice of human subject protection will be adhered to. The research will be based on objectivity and the data collected from the patients will only be used for the research. The relevant authorities of such as family and institution directors will be consulted for permission. Operational Definition The independent variable for this research proposal is the use of pet therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in hospice patients. Pet therapy is a program, which involves creating a relationship between a patient and animal to help improve their health condition. The dependent variable is the end of life patient management this is provided through hospice care to patients who are in the late years of their life. Measurement Discussion In determining the success of use of pet therapy in managing pain and anxiety among hospice patients, both qualitative and quantitative measurements will be done. The key factors to be considered will be the amount of time spent with the pet, the blood pressure of individuals before and after pet therapy. The state of depression shall also be monitored as well as the amount of intake of pain relievers. Summary Pet therapy for hospice care patients has proven very helpful remedy during the end of life stage. The animals provide companionship and sense calmness in the patient’s life. In depth, research should be done to determine the animals that best suit the treatment and to establish how the treatment occurs. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients. References 1800hospice. (n.d.). Hospice Terms | 1-800-HOSPICE.1800hospice.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.1800hospice.com/understanding-homecare/hospice-terms/ Bercovitz, A., Sengupta, M., Jones, A., Harris-kojetin, L. D. (2011). Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice The National Home and Hospice Care Survey : United States , 2007. National Health Statistics Reports, 33, 1-20. Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 105-109. Coakley, A. B., Mahoney, E. K. (2009). Creating a therapeutic and healing environment with a pet therapy program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(3), 141-146. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice: The National Home and Hospice Care Survey: United States, 2007. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011. Cummings, K. (n.d.). End of Life and Hospice Care | Taking Charge of Your Health Wellbeing.Taking Charge of Your Health Wellbeing. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/conditions/end-life-and-hospice-care DArcy, Y. (2011). Paws to provide comfort, relieve pain.Nursing2014,41(4), 6768. DogsDoingGood. (2013). Therapy vs. Service Dog.Dogs Doing Good | Helping families. Training dogs. Changing lives.. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://dogsdoinggood.com/web/therapy-vs-service-dog/ Ekeberg O., B. B., Braastad, I. P. and B. O. (2011). Animal-Assisted Therapy with Farm Animals for Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: Effects on Anxiety and Depression, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 27(1), 50-64. Harrington SE. Smith, (2009). The role of chemotherapy of the end of life. Hospice of North Central Ohio. (2014). Complementary Therapies.Hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org/care-services/hospice-care/complementary-therapies Kolcaba, K. DiMarco, M. (2005). Comfort theory and its application topediatric nursing. Pediatric Nursing, 31(3): 187-194 Kolcaba, K. (2006). Comfort theory:A unifying framework to enhance the practice environment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(11): 538-544. Kovà ¡cs, Z., Bulucz, J., Kis, R., Simon, L. (2006). An exploratory study of the effect of animal-assisted therapy on nonverbal communication in three schizophrenic patients. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals. Kovà ¡cs, Z., Kis, R., Rà ³zsa, S., Rà ³zsa, L. (2004). Animal-assisted therapy for middle-aged schizophrenic patients living in a social institution. A pilot study. Clinical rehabilitation, 18(5), 483-486. Lasiuk, G. Ferguson, L. (2005). From practice to midrangetheory and back again.Advances in Nursing Science, 28(2): 127-136. Lehigh Happening. (2013). Pet Therapy â€Å"Photos with Santa’s Jingle Dogs† at Cedarbook.Lehigh Happening. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://lehigh.happeningmag.com/pet-therapy-santas-jingle-dogs Lust, E., Ryan-Haddad, A., Coover, K., Snell, J. (2007). Measuring clinical outcomes of animal-assisted therapy: impact on resident medication usage. The Consultant pharmacist: the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists. March, A. McCormack,D. (2009). Nursing theory-directed healthcare: Modifying Kolcabas Comfort Theory as an institution-wide approach. Holistic Nursing Practice, 23(2): 75-80. Matuszek, S. (2010). Animal-facilitated therapy in various patient populations: systematic literature review. Holistic Nursing Practice,24(4), 187203. McEwen, M. Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing. (3rd ed). Philadelphia. Oxford university press. Melnyk, B. Overholt, E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing healthcare: A guide to best practice (2nd ed). New York. Sage publications. MethodistHealth. (2014). Pet Therapy at Methodist Hospice Bring Patients Joy.Methodisthealth.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.methodisthealth.org/news-and-events/news/2014/pet-therapy-at-methodist-hospice-bring-patients-joy.dot Myers, J. (2012). PAWSitive bedside outcomes: The value of animal-assisted therapy. Med Surg Matters, 21(5), 1. OCallaghan, D. M. (2008). Exploratory study of animal assisted therapy interventions used by mental health professionals (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas). Peacock, J., Chur-Hansen, A., Winefield, H. (2012). Mental Health Implications of Human Attachment to Companion Animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 292-303. Rita K Bode Brienne R Costa Ctrs Joseph B Frey, B. (2007). The impact of animal-assisted therapy on patient ambulation: A feasibility study. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 6(3), 7-19. Selby, A., Smith-Osborne, A. (2013). A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines. Health Psychology, 32(4), 418. Snyder, M., Lindquist, R. (2006). Complementary/alternative therapies in nursing. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Sobo, E. J., Eng, B., Kassity-Krich, N. (2006). Canine visitation (pet) therapy: pilot data on decreases in child pain perception. Journal of holistic nursing : official journal of the American Holistic NursesÊ ¼ Association Stern, C. (2011). Canines Utilised For Therapeutic Purposes In The Physical And Social Health Of Older People In Long Term Care (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide). Taylor, M. A. (2012). Pet therapy / canine visitors bring cheer to hospice patients. The Commercial Appeal (2007-Current) Tsai, C.-C., Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A. (2010). The Effect of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Stress Responses in Hospitalized Children. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals. U.S. Department of justice: Civil Rights Division (2010) Service animals Urbanski, B. L., Lazenby, M. (2012). Distress Among Hospitalized Pediatric Cancer Patients Modified By Pet-Therapy Intervention to Improve Quality of Life. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. Van Hyfte, G. J., Kozak, L. E., Lepore, M. (2013). A survey of the use of complementary and alternative medicine in Illinois Hospice and Palliative Care Organizations.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 1049909113500378. VNA hospice volunteers complete training. (2013). The Evening Sun Wenger NS, Verpa PM, (2010) Ethical issues in patients-physician communication about therapy for cancer professional responsibility of the ecologist

The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Essay -- Essays Papers

The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Let’s face it. Can one fully buy into Roland Barthes’ claim that â€Å"The birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author†? (172). Even if â€Å"it is language which speaks, not the author† (168), an author is responsible for the creation of a unique sequence of words in a novel, a poem or an article. The canvas on which freeplaying signifiers paint themselves seems so vast to Barthes that â€Å"the writer can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original† (170). His claim, when taken at face value, is equivalent to saying that since paint exists, there can be no Painter. But it would be a faux pas give his idea such a naà ¯ve reading—a reading strictly limited to written texts. When applied to projects such as Group art, music and film, his theory gains greater validity. Three such works that illustrate the complexities of authorship are Judy Chicago’s The Dinner Party (1979), Gr am Parsons’ second solo album, Grievous Angel (1974), and the 1939 MGM film version of The Wizard of Oz. Adding to Barthes’ idea proposed in â€Å"The Death of the Author† will be discussions of Michel Foucault’s â€Å"What is the Author?† and Andrew Sarris’ auteur theory to understand the complexities of claiming authorship. These examples will show that the Author is a construct that might not disappear as quickly as Barthes and Foucault had anticipated. A discussion of The Dinner Party group project is an excellent starting point to explore definitions of â€Å"The Author† and authority. First, to what extent can fine art be authored (or rather, can a non-text be authored)? Second, who should receive credit? A simple dictionary definition of â€Å"author† will contain ... ...e of MGM—and the Miracle of Production #1060. Special 60th Ann. ed. New York: Hyperion, 1998. Jones, Amelia. â€Å"Sexual Politics: Feminist Strategies, Feminist Conflicts, Feminist Histories.† Sexual Politics: Judy Chicago’s Dinner Party in Feminist Art History. Ed. Amelia Jones. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 20-38. - - - . â€Å"The ‘Sexual Politics’ of The Dinner Party: A Critical Context.† Sexual Politics: Judy Chicago’s Dinner Party in Feminist Art History. Ed. Amelia Jones. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 82-118. MacDonald, Ian. Revolution in the Head: The Beatles’ Records and the Sixties. Rev. ed. London: Pimlico, 1998. Rushdie, Salman. The Wizard of Oz. London: BFI Publishing, 1992. Sarris, Andrew. The American Cinema: Directors and Directions 1929-1968. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.

The Use of Series in The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler Essay -- sleep

The Use of Series in The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler In The Big Sleep, Raymond Chandler writes items in a series in almost every paragraph that does not include dialogue, occasions, in the text where Marlowe watches the other character do something like open and close a book or light a cigarette and flick the ash into a tray. When Chandler stops the dialogue to creates a space for Marlowe to record elements in the environment, he constructs sentences that indicate how Marlowe assimilates the information: characters perform three or more acts successively and Marlowe notices every movement, recording it at once. Therefore, Chandler builds sentences that contain as many separate actions as possible to reflect how fast the character performs the act, rather than isolate single actions in single sentences that break the action up. Specifically, Chandler builds sentences with items in a series to reflect continuous motion and mimic the way Marlowe perceives it. Series are economical and fast, pointing to the movement of the cha racter and the way Marlowe thinks. The series occur in paragraphs Marlowe narrates, sections before or after dialogue when Marlowe establishes the scope of the scene or moves the scene along. Chandler uses the construction when he describes the principal action in a scene. For example, chapter 17 opens with a paragraph that includes this sentence: "The boy swung the car over to the box hedge in front of Geiger's house, killed the motor and sat looking straight before him with both hands on the wheel" (99). In the paragraph, Chandler describes the inert environment with one compound sentence and two simple sentences. None of them contain a series. The sentence that ... ...es the scene correctly and as quickly as Marlowe sees it. Chandler does not want to write a text that reminds the reader it is a text. Instead he wants to imitate reality. He wants the reader to follow Marlowe, look over his shoulder, and maintain a constant, attached point-of-view shot of the action. For this reason, Chandler uses series to simulate the rhythm and speed of real action. When a writer like Chandler omits words and replaces them with commas, "ands," and "ors," he makes the sentence concise and speedy. When one reads such a text, she understands two things about the scene: how the character moves and how Marlowe perceives the movement. Chandler is sensitive to the relationship between the text, the reader, reality. So he creates a text that mimics real movement and real thinking. He uses series to carry the reader through the text.

Why Is Organ Donation Important

Why is organ transplant important The reason why I think organ donation is very important, because it gives a second chance to life to a person that is in need of an organ because they organs have start to fail and shut down. Although clinical issues such as the possibility of the recipient's body rejecting the organ have been raised, the social and legal issues—from determining how donations should be handled and who should receive them, to the black-market practice of organ trafficking—spark the most heated debates. They help save lives and also give second chances to live to many people. . History and the types of organ transplants 2. Why is it so important to become organ donor 3. Who decides who gets the Organs Transplant first I. History and types of Organ Transplant A. The first organ transplant (a skin graft) was completed in 1869. However, it was not until almost a century later, in 1954, that surgeons transplanted the first internal organ, a kidney, when a liv ing donor donated to his identical twin. B. Today, organs that can be transplanted include the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and skin. C.Although some of these, such as the heart, can only be transplanted from recently deceased donors, transplant surgeons have made several advances in transplanting organs from living donors, most notably a split-liver transplant, in which a live donor shares a portion of his or her liver with the recipient—the liver being the only organ that can regenerate itself to some degree. II. Why is it so important to become organ donors A. The shortage of organs has increased the use of so-called expanded-criteria organs, or organs that used to be considered unsuitable for transplant.B If organ sales are voluntary, it's hard to fault either the buyer or the seller. But as long as the market remains underground the donors may not receive adequate postoperative care, and that puts a black mark on all proposals to legalize financial compensation. C. The world-wide shortage of organs is going to get worse before it gets better, but we do have options. Presumed consent, financial compensation for living and deceased donors and point systems would all increase the supply of transplant organs. Too many people have died already but pressure is mounting for innovation that will save lives.I think that without people becoming an organ donor that many more lives will start to fail within the next couple of years, and so more people that have been waiting on organ transplants list will start to die for from some type of organ failure. III. Who gets the organ Transplant first A. Organs are allocated (given) according to strict rules that take into account physical matching, tissue and blood type matching, medical criteria, waiting time, severity of illness, etc. The allocation system is blind to name, race, sex, and wealth. B.At the time of death, the team that coordinates donation will review medical and social historie s to determine donor suitability on a case-by-case basis. Many diseases that were once considered to exclude organ donation are no longer considered a barrier. Examples include hepatitis and diabetes. C. Age limits for organ donation no longer exist. Organs may be donated from someone as young as a newborn and as old as 90. The liver, in particular, does not age like other organs and livers are commonly donated by people in their 70's and 80's.

Forensic Anthropology Essay

Review Questions 1. What are epiphyseal fusions? What can they tell a forensic anthropologist? – Epiphyseal fusion is the fusion, and/or the closing of the ends of â€Å"growth plates†, or at places like the clavicle, iliac crest, and the long bones in our arms and legs. 2. What is ethnobotany? Why is this area helpful for forensic anthropologists? – Ethnobotany is the study of plant remains and pollens. I’d imagine that this would help determine time, and/or cause of death. 3. What is facial reconstruction? Why is it used? – Facial reconstruction involves using the cranium or skull, as well as any other aspects of the person that may be known, to create a representation of what the person may have looked like to help determine who the person was, and in some cases help determine the cause of death. 4. How do male and female bones tend to differ? – Male and female bones tend to differ mainly in size and shape, some of the more outstanding differences are the different shapes of parts of the skull, pelvis, and jaw. 5. How does a forensic scientist estimate the height of a victim? – A victim’s height is generally estimated using an equation designed to predict height. Once they have all of the long bones in the arms and legs, they are often able to create a more accurate estimation of the victim’s height. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why is forensic anthropology an important part of forensic science? What does this area add to the investigation of crime? – Forensic anthropology is an important part of forensic science because without any knowledge of bones in forensic science, you wouldn’t really be able to learn very much information about any victims that had decomposed down to bone, or lost their flesh in any sort of way. 2. Imagine that you have been called to an area where bones have been found. What would you do at this spot to help you better understand what happened? – I would first make sure to check the entire area above, and below the surface of the ground. Make sure every last piece and fragment of bone or evidence was accounted for, had sketches and/or pictures of where they were before they had been disturbed, and then noted. Then I would examine the evidence along with the bones to see if I could possibly tell if the victim had any type of disease or sickness, or any other cause of death. Maybe even determine who the person was. 3. What are some of the differences between traditional facial reconstruction and computer facial reconstruction? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? – Some of the differences between digital, and non-digital facial reconstruction are well, you’ll need a forensic anthropologist for both, an artist for one, and a computer with the correct programs installed, and the correct machines and comparison data for the other. 4. What is a scatter pattern? What can it tell a forensic anthropologist? – A scatter pattern in forensics refers to the way bones have been scattered from their original set place where they were when they were still attached to the victim’s skeleton. 5. How can the age of a body be estimated using bones? What are some of the different areas of the body that may give an indication of age? – A forensic anthropologist can get an estimate of a victim’s age by examining placement of teeth, Epiphyseal fusions, length of the longer bones in the legs and arms, and the degree of closure of sutures.