Enthalpy of Reaction and Hess’s Law Essay

I. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to verify Hess’s Law through the three reactions of NaOH and HCl, NH4Cl and NaOH, and NH3 and HCl. The sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions should equal the enthalpy of the third reaction. II. Background Hess’s Law is used to determine the enthalpy of a reaction from adding two or more preceding reactions. To determine the enthalpies of certain chemical reactions, the change in must be measured. This is best done using a calorimeter to prevent heat loss to the surroundings. To calculate the heat change in solution, the q=mct equation must be used. A positive value for â€Å"q† means the solution gains heat, a negative value means the solution loses heat and is exothermic. The reactions used in the lab are exothermic acid-base neutralizations. By calculating â€Å"q†, heat, the enthalpy of reaction can be found by knowing the Molarity of the reactants. The specific heat of the calorimeter can be found by the equation qcal= t x heat capacity. Since a calorimeter is used the heat released from the reaction will be absorbed in the solution, while some heat is transferred to the calorimeter. So the â€Å"q† of the reaction is given by this equation: qrxn= †“ (qsol+qcal). III. Summary of Procedure Part 1: A calorimeter is to be arranged using Styrofoam cups and a hole on top of a cover to take the temperature while also preventing heat loss. 50mls of distilled is to be added to the calorimeter. 75mls must then be heated to 70 degrees Celsius and 50mls of that water is to be added to the calorimeter. The calorimeter has to be covered and then the temperature taken every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. Part 2: 50mls of 2.0M HCl must be put into the calorimeter. A 50mls solution of 2.0M NaOH should then be added to the HCl solution and stirred. The temperature needs to be recorded every 20 seconds for 3 minutes. For the second reaction the same process has to be repeated using 2.0M NH4Cl and 2.0M NaOH. The third reaction requires the same process using 2.0M solutions of NH3 and HCl. IV. Observations * Styrofoam cup becoming hot after mixture * thermometer scraping the Styrofoam cup sides * cover doesn’t completely cover the cup * small amount of time between pouring the chemicals and covering and mixing VI. Results and Questions Calculations please see attached graphs and work. Post Lab Questions 1. What is meant by calorimetry? Calorimetry is the scientific measuring of heat released during chemical and physical changes. It ensures that minimal heat is lost so the heat of reaction can be found accurately. 2. How does graphical analysis improve the accuracy of the data? Once the points are plotted on a graph the line of best fit can be drawn and extrapolated toward the y-axis. Since the first data plots can be inconsistent the best fit line may ignore the first points making the data more accurate by disregarding the inaccurate data. 3. What is the meaning of the negative sign in front of the equation for heat of reaction? The negative sign in front of the brackets indicate that we are in fact solving for the reverse reaction. So the sign must have a negative to indicate the reaction that is the forward, exothermic, reaction. 4. Do the lab results support Hess’s Law? The lab does support Hess’s Law. The percent error is relatively small for this lab and algebraically it is proven that the sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions is close the measured value of the third reaction. 5. How could the procedure be modified to achieve greater accuracy? To improve the accuracy of the lab a formal capacitor could be used instead of average Styrofoam cups. An airtight seal between the cover and thermometer would also be more accurate by preventing heat loss to the surroundings. 6. Find a table reference that lists standard heat of formation for the species included in your net ionic equations. Use them to calculate delta H for the reaction of the net ionic equations. Do these values support Hess’s Law? See attached calculations. VII. Conclusion This lab successfully verified Hess’s Law by adding enthalpies of reactions to equal the enthalpy of a third reaction. The mix of NaOH with HCl, and NH4 with NaOH proved to give off a heat close to that of NH3 mixed with HCl. The percent error proved to be 3.72%. The sources of error could be the heat lost while the calorimeter was not covered and maybe not enough mixing throughout the duration of the three minutes. The addition of a mixing unit and an airtight seal on the capacitors would provide an improved version of this lab.

Does Source B support the evidence of source C about the suffragette campaign

In this essay I am going to be discussing whether or not source B which is an extract from a book written in 1907 called Woman or suffragette supports the evidence given from source C which is a cartoon drawn by Bernard Partridge in 1906 about the suffragette campaign and the writers and artists opinions on the suffragettes. Firstly I am going to point out that source B which is a primary source was written by a woman and it is against women getting the franchise to vote. The thing that is very ironic about this is that at the time it seemed all women wanted the vote and wouldn't stop at anything to get it but this one woman â€Å"Marie Corelli† didn't think that women should have the vote and that all women should just leave the men to all the important things. Source C is another primary source and it is contempory to source B. The reason why this is important is because it helps towards showing that all of the people sort of had the same ideas about women's suffrage. In source C it shows a sensible woman and what seems to be a lunatic woman. The lunatic woman was looked upon as the suffragette and she has one fist clenched and in the other hand she a flag which says female suffrage but it looks as if it is falling apart and wearing down as if they are destroying the whole purpose of campaigning for the right. Also the main reason why these sources could not be used in too much in depth study is because both sources are bias towards their own cause. Source C is obviously just trying to make the suffragettes look bad so that it makes the suffragists look better. Source B however seems to be bias towards the men and is trying to point out that women are naturally incapable of being as mature as the men. In conclusion I think than source B most definitely supports source C for one main reason. This is because they are both trying to get the point across that they don't think women are going to get the vote and the main reasons for this are the suffragettes. One reason though why I begin to think that these source may disagree with each other is because one of the sources (Source B) believes that women will never get the vote because of the way the women are raising their children. Whereas in Source C the main reason why this source thins women will not get the vote is because of the techniques used by the suffragettes for example the main quote used on the poster is â€Å"you help the cause? Why, you're its worst enemy!† this quote shows the hate that the suffragists had for the suffragettes and their opinion of what their actions are doing to their main cause.

Family-Oriented Pre-Trial Intervention Essay

Pre-trial intervention (PTI) has been shown to be more effective when the family is involved in the process.   Most PTI programs focus on the treatment given before release from confinement.   Family-oriented PTI programs look beyond the prison set-up and attempt to establish a community for the accused to return to (Dembo, 2003). The reality is that the social stigma against persons released from prison facilities poses a strong hindrance against re-integration into the community efforts towards rehabilitation (Tate, Reppucci, & Mulvey, 1995).   By conducting regular and in-depth discussions with the family regarding rehabilitation, the basic social support system of the accused is assured (Dembo, 2003). The present study will replicate a family-intervention system conducted by Dembo, Schmeidler, and Wothke (2003) wherein families were trained to address the rehabilitative process a family-member was undergoing with the end goal of improving PTI.   However, in the study conducted by Dembo et al., the dependent variable was measured through self-report data. The present research will use indicators of reintegration into society along with repeated delinquent acts to assess whether or not family-intervention is indeed a rehabilitative process.   The succeeding sections will reflect the design and method of the research.   The research questions to be answered by the present study will also be clarified in order to show a clear direction of the research being conducted. Research Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present research will attempt to answer the question as to whether or not family-oriented pre-trial intervention programs improve rehabilitative efforts by increasing the incidence of community participation and integration as well as decreasing the incidence of delinquent behavior.   This question may be answered by looking into the activities engaged in by the offender upon release and with the introduction of family PTI.   The research has several hypotheses: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will increase community involvement; 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family PTI will decrease delinquent behavior; and 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That family-oriented PTI programs are more effective in fostering rehabilitation than offender-centered PTI. Evaluation Population The main thrust of the research is to assess the efficacy of a proposed pre-trial intervention program.   A family-oriented program will thus be administered to one experimental group while a non-family-oriented program will be applied to another group.   These programs will be administered to one group of individuals and their families. By doing so, there will be greater parallelism in the comparison of the two programs.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering that the family set-up is most relevant in the case of minors, the present study will limit its population to juvenile delinquents (Alexander & Parsons, 1973). In particular, this research will limit its population to minors still living with their parents.   In order to obtain a sufficient number of participants, several penal facilities will be asked for consent for the participation of their detained juvenile delinquents who have not yet started with their PTI programs.   This will control for confounding effects of other PTI programs which may be administered by the penal facility. Evaluation Design The design to be used in the present research is the experimental design.   The experimental design has been lauded as the most rigorous design.   It is essentially the gold standard of research designs because of its ability to isolate the independent variables being studied and their relationship with the dependent variables (Creswell, 2009). This is the most appropriate design for the research to be conducted because the juvenile delinquents who will give consent to participation in the experiment will be randomly assigned into two groups.   These two groups are the experimental and control groups.   Moreover, previous research has shown that rigorous methods provide the best results with respect to reduced recidivism in studies of juvenile delinquents (Latimer, 1999). The experimental and control groups will be identical in all regards except for the presence of family-intervention in the experimental group.   In both groups, the juvenile delinquent will undergo identical PTI processes wherein they will receive treatment and training regarding rehabilitative practices. However, in the first group there will be an added intervention wherein the researchers will actively foster a dialogue with the family of the juvenile delinquent in order to help them understand and cope with their child’s rehabilitation.   In order to assess whether changes have truly resulted, a pre-intervention assessment will be administered to the participants and their families.   After a period of six months the assessment will be administered again in order to track any changes in disposition and placement of the juvenile delinquents. Population and Sample The study will limit the number of participants to forty due to the longitudinal nature of the study and due to the need for in-depth counseling to be undertaken with the families involved.   Time and resource constraints would not support a study involving an experimental group of more than twenty families. The participants will be chosen primarily based on their prior reception of PTI treatment and the fact of residence with family members.   Demographic factors such age, gender, social status and family situation will be recorded and assessed but will not serve as criteria for acceptance into participation.   By doing so, the experiment retains a higher external validity.   However, the recording of these factors will broaden the discussion and interpretation of results as the effect these factors play on the rehabilitation of participants may emerge as serendipitous findings.

Proposed Market Research for Famuss car Rental Essay

Proposed Market Research for Famuss car Rental - Essay Example In 2009 Car rental industry, took a major plunge due to economic recession. But they slowly emerged out from recession and in 2012 and 2013 this industry looked very positive and they started to gain profit. With the growth in the tourism industry the growth of car rental agencies has risen (Henry, 2008, p.57). The travellers have the liberty to move around freely with such rental cars. A growing number of air travellers had led to the increase in revenue of the car rental agencies around the world. Discussion The Trends in the Overall Market The car rental industry is a major part of the transport industry. It is affected by various factors like increase in the GDP growth which in turns results in increase in the number of air travellers. 45 to 50 Millions of vehicles are rented all across the Europe. The importance of car rental industry can be seen from the growth of major car rental companies like Enterprise Rent a car and National Car Rental. For example UK’s largest car rental company National Car Rental has a fleet base of over 40,000 vehicles and 170 branches all over. Both of the above mentioned companies have received prestigious ITM awards and have made notable contributions in the sector (Vogel, 2012, p. 124). The global Car rental industry is now facing radical transformations. Some year ago most of the major car rental companies of US were owned by the car manufacturers (Lee, 2013, p. 1). Now only Ford has their own car rental business named Hertz. But apart from that most of the other large car rental companies are owned by individual companies who are only into car rental business. Few examples are Alamo Rent a Car and National Car Rental are owned by Taylor family of St. Louis; Budget and Ryder is owned by Sandy Miller who is a former franchisee. These players along with a few others control over 90 per cent of the market (Autoescape. 2013, p. 12). Here are some of the facts of car rental industry of US in 2012 It employed over 126,000 i n US The Total revenue grew from $31.6 billion in 2007 to $33.7 billion in 2012, which shows that the industry is rising. Demand of car rental companies increased throughout 2012 as the air travel cost increased. The revenue is expected to grow from 5.6% in 2012 to 3.0% in 2013. The number of foreign tourist which visited the US had increased by 3.4% for the past five years to 2012. Market Segment Famus Car Rental intends to target basically two markets. The market of the company is segmented into two parts the luxury car segment as well as the economy segment. The company thinks that the luxury cars would be the suitable in case of the special occasions (McDonald and Hawkins, 2013, p. 15). The people may hire the luxury cars during the weddings or various events. On the other hand the economy cars would be hired on the day to day basis for the regular requirements of the individuals. The market for the high end customers would be comparatively niche because the rental costs of the cars would be more. On the other hand the rental costs of the cars would be less for the economy sections. The luxury cars would also be taken by the business travellers. The business travellers would not hesitate to pay the high price for the cars. On the other hand the event management companies would also be an ideal target market for the luxury cars. The competition in this

Marks And Spencers Business Strategy Assignment

Marks And Spencers Business Strategy - Assignment Example The company has a very humble beginning but it has grown significantly over time to become a leader within the business industry of its operations. The company has dominated the British market for a long time. Its dominance is attributed to the value and quality of the clothing products that it offers its customers with a view of gaining their loyalty to its products. Marketing Week, (2005, p. 9) reveals that it is through the value that Marks and Spencer has for the needs of the customers that shoppers have been obliged to desire its products as opposed to those of the competitors. With time, the company has grown and diversified its products significantly and in addition to clothing, the company provides its customers with furniture, food and loan services. This paper gives a critical discussion and analysis of the business strategy of Marks and Spencer Plc with a view of analyzing and evaluating the company’s strategy using Porters Generic Strategy Framework. Moreover, the company is assessed in terms of acceptability, feasibility and suitability toward all of its stakeholders. Analyzing Marks and Spencer’s Strategy Business Strategy In 1999, the glory that Marks and Spencer had in the market started to crumble. This was illustrated by the fall in profits. As a result of the failure that the company experienced, it has endeavored to apply the most suitable business strategy so that it would remain competitive within the market and maintain its glory. Davies (1999, p. 60) points out that Marks and Spencer adopted a Competitive Strategy Model and Value Chain so that it would recover from the previous failures and challenges and thus maintain its competitive advantage while remaining as the market leader of the industry of its operation.... Davies (1999, p. 60) points out that Marks and Spencer adopted a Competitive Strategy Model and Value Chain so that it would recover from the previous failures and challenges and thus maintain its competitive advantage while remaining as the market leader of the industry of its operation. Kenny (2009) adds that it is through the Competitive Strategy Model and Value Chain that Marks and Spencer has regained its glory which is revealed by its current success and competitiveness in the market. The SWO analysis of the company which reflects its competitiveness is presented in Appendix 1. Business Environment and Strategy Datamonitor (2007, p. 1) demonstrates that the five forces of generic Strategies as postulated by Porter have been proved to be the most effective aids for businesses in the attainment of a competitive edge within the business environment. The key areas under which Porters Generic Strategy Framework analyzes businesses the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, the thr eat of substitutes, the threat of entry and the competitive rivalry. Grundy (2005, p. 195) explains that the business environment involves various forces which determine the success of a company and these include competition and economic, social, legal and cultural forces. The ability of a company to survive the challenges which the environment presents it with is determined by the implementation of a suitable business strategy which ensures that a competitive advantage is gained and attained. Beaver (1999, p. 325) recommends a Competitive Strategy Model as a way of allowing a company to overcome the environmental forces and thus become a market leader and the most competitive business in the market. Therefore the implementation of the Competitive Strategy Model by Marks and Spencer

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning Assignment

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning - Assignment Example Identity is important in identity hybridization, one must know his identity first before being hybridized and turn it into something else. However, identities are constantly changing through time. I agree with the author towards Plato’s thought (par 8) that the fundamental identity of different things resided in the realm of the Forms (Plato, 1966 as cited by author). It really denies it. It does not merely seem to deny it. And Plato would deny that what is heroic today is different from what it was before. People’s opinions about it might change, but those are shadows, not reality. But is there an assurance that the person is still the same if his identity changes? Hume suggested that the self is a bundle of perceptions, including memory that changes over time. This precludes that any two people could be the same, but it allows that one can change, constantly, and still have some almost undying (at least in one’s lifetime) thread. However, amnesia and dementia m ay erase all of the person’s memories, which loses his link between his past and present, making him different person because arguably, a person with severe dementia or amnesia is not the same person, only the same body. A person composes of multiple selves (par 12), but to Baldwin (1897) a self has two aspects: the ego which represents the thoughts about oneself, and alter which represents the way one thinks of another (par 13). Ego and alter play an important role in decision making and the way to react depending on situations. In Oupensky’s statement (par 14) one becomes master over the other for only thirty minutes, until a new one takes over the other. This is similar to Nietzsche’s notion of the self as a number of wills to power, each expressing itself as master at different times. Transformation of one’s identity becomes rapid if he

Application of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Application of leadership - Essay Example This depends on various factors and also influences his level of success. There are many theories of leadership described in management studies. These theories help in differentiating a leader from a non-leader. Some of those theories are behavioral theory, trait and many other contemporary theories. The objective of this assignment is to help in understanding various leadership theories and use the same to analyze the leaders. A leader would be chosen and analyzed using the leadership theories, which would be in both follower and leader perspectives. The followers’ perspectives will include transformational, transactional and situational theories whereas for leaders, the chosen perspectives will be skills, style, personality and physical characteristics. Additionally, discussion will also be done on what effort the leader needs to make in order to improve his leadership skills or style, also effective leadership’s positive impact on organization and

Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education System - Essay Example The Equal Status Act, 2000 is guided by the principle of equal rights and participation among community members (Houses of the Oireachtus, 2006). The Act includes access to service, facilities and amenities across ethnicity, age, gender, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, political affiliation or physical and mental ability, or membership of a traveller community. However, there is a distinct lack of empirical evaluation of actual classroom practices of equality as provided by teachers and schools (Breen, 1998; Breen & Jonsson, 2005). Issues of exclusion within the education system reflect concerns for the learning attainments of groups that are differentiated by language, religion, ideology or culture, socio-economic status or who are political or economic immigrants. Socio-economic and political infrastructure within the Republic aims to cultivate within students a sense of "inclusive identity", which requires classroom practices that respect different traditions across community aggregates, and that encourage tolerance, acceptance and respect for social differences (Center for the Study of conflict [CAINS], 1996). Inclusive education requires that all students are recognised as part of both the school and wider community, regardless of the students learning strengths and weaknesses (Hanafin & Lynch, 2002). The principles of inclusive education contributed to the development of a national education program, Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) (Department of Education & Science, 2006). However, literature reviewing the effectiveness of the program is lacking.This research proposal aims to evaluate current classroom practices of equality and inclusiveness with regard to socio-economic status amongst secondary students in the Republic. A pre-post research design will be used, incorporating a mixed method of student surveys and end of term grades. The final thesis will be divided in to five chapters; 1) An Introduction to the topic; 2) A Literature Review of relevant empirical studies to identify the present state of research, to identify gaps so as to develop the research hypotheses; 3) A Method section to outline the school's characteristics, participant demographics, selection criteria and the obtaining of informed consent, as well as detailing the research design, materials to be used, and the procedure of the study; 4) The Results section will provide the findings of analyses and include tables and graphs as appropriate; and 5) A Discussion section, which will identify i f the hypotheses were supported or not whilst linking findings to current discourse as presented in the Literature Review. The limitations of the study will also be delineated, and recommendations for future empirical research shall be made.It is anticipated that this research project will positively contribute to the development of chaplaincy programs that will support equality of access to education, and enhance inclusiveness within schools of the Republic. References Breen, R. (1998). The persistence of class origin inequalities among school leavers in the Republic of Ireland,

Public relations and advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public relations and advertising - Essay Example The main genre is not to sell products but to provide effective messages or ideas. In such cases the ads look to become as an instrument to stimulate the social awareness in the society (Kolb, 2008). Ads related to social services are much more than simple tokenism. Therefore, such ads should have a sign of professional excellence that motivates people towards action. Many veterans marketing and PR professionals have also emphasized upon the fact that it is very important to make sure that ads have an agreed statement which can generate specific and if possible actions (Wenderoth, 2009). Challenges Just like any other medium of mass communication ads and public relations also have certain negative aspects. In the competitive market the advent of various ad agencies along with the arrival of the billions of products, ideas or services to satisfy the needs of the clients. As a matter of fact this seemed to have become the most important objective of the marketers. Various cases of misl eading and false information in ads have been found (Burgemeister, 2003). However, the issues of the false information can have serious consequences in case of educational and public services. Education is lot more different from other products and services. People would indulge in getting education throughout the life and the risks involved while making consumer behavior is immense. Most of the times, the educational institutions use placement and job assistance as the main USPs to attract the students. But many times it has been seen that the promises made by the educational intuitions through the ad and PR campaigns have not been kept. Many times it has also been found that students have been given wrong information regarding the infrastructure and qualification of the... This "Public relations and advertising" essay outlines the differences between this two mediums of mass communication, their roles and issues. People would indulge in getting education throughout the life and the risks involved while making consumer behavior is immense. Most of the times, the educational institutions use placement and job assistance as the main USPs to attract the students. But many times it has been seen that the promises made by the educational intuitions through the ad and PR campaigns have not been kept. Many times it has also been found that students have been given wrong information regarding the infrastructure and qualification of the faculties of the institutions. Another important factor with regards to misleading information has been the university affiliation. On many occasions it has been found that after passing out of the colleges the students have faced problems during job interviews regarding university affiliation. It has been discussed above that th e modern day educational sector has become very competitive. Due to increased demand various players have entered the market. Hence, in order to attract the students the companies are using ads and public relations. However, in order to get more number of students and generate revenue the ethical aspects of ads in case of educational sectors have come across certain degree of damage (Rao, 2010). The government and various social and media organizations have started to keep a close eye on the ad strategies adopted by the educational institutions.

Analysis of Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Macbeth - Essay Example Shakespeare has employed Macbeth as a means to convey his opinion of the way aspiration and guilt affect an individual of weak character. Macbeth may be considered as irreversible evil, though the weakness of his character contrasts with other villains of Shakespeare’s plays including Edmund and Iago in King Lear and Othello respectively in that the latter are strong enough to surmount their own self-doubt and feeling of guilt. â€Å"Probably composed in late 1606 or early 1607, Macbeth [also happens to be] the last of Shakespeare's four great tragedies, the others being Hamlet, King Lear and Othello† (eNotes). Despite being a great warrior, Macbeth is not strong enough to boldly face the psychological consequences of his crime. Macbeth is overcome by guilt and worries before murdering Duncan, so he tends to almost abort the mission but his wife’s objectivity of purposefulness makes him commit the crime. Macbeth says, â€Å"Prithee, peace: I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none† (Shakespeare 16).

Theoretical Matrix Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Matrix Essay This multi-staged model describes how a human system might experience, react to, and then adjust to change over time (Smith, 2010). The components of this Model of change consist of six stages: the first stage: old status quo is the current norm, the second stage: foreign element is something happens that interrupts the familiarity of the status quo, the third stage: chaos is the reaction to a foreign element that throws you into chaos, the fourth stage: transforming ideas gives you a new understanding of what to do, you begin to see a way out of the chaos, the fifth stage: practice and integration: you start to try your new idea or new behavior. The last stage new status quo: the new norm. According to Emery, (2012) â€Å"it is the nature of individuals to resist change and cling to familiar ways of doing things†. The Old Status Quo the group is at a familiar place. The performance pattern is consistent. Stable relationships give members a sense of belonging and identity. Members know what to expect, how to react, and how to behavior (Smith, 2012).Foreign Elements in this sage something happens that shatters the familiarity of the old status quo. A significant event that is internal or external seeking change that threatens the stability of familiar powers. Chaos the foreign elements throw you into chaos. In this stage, you are suddenly in unfamiliar waters where your things are unpredictable, and your usual pattern behaviors do not work. Your performance is affected and people around you may not act in unusual ways (Emery, 2012). Transforming ideas eventually the group transforms. You create lots of new ideas when you are in Chaos. Transforming ideas gives the group a new understanding of why’s, what and how’s. They began to see a way out of the chaos (Emery, 2012). Integration and Practice is the period of assimilation, you are transforming ideas into your operation, and a new status quo begins. You learn quickly and make progress. You make lots of mistakes, and every now and then your progress slips back to old status quo. You learn what works and what doesn’t. You have become more skilled and your performance is back up. You sense you are moving towards a new status quo (Emery, 2012). The New Status Quo your performance began to level off as you master your new skill. You start to feel good about your rapid learning. With time, the newness fades, and the â€Å"new status quo† become the â€Å"old status quo† (Emery, 2012).| Satir’s change model can be applied to any organization large or small. Hospital information is changing rapidly affecting clinicians both in ambulatory and primary care practice settings who are struggling to keep up with the pace of emerging technology. The demand for improvement in hospital safety, quality and performance reporting has made it necessary for this clinical transformation of its care practice process. Switching from paper to electronic medical record is one technological demand driven by Medicare and Medicaid coverage and reimbursement policies Transition from paper to computer documentation is still a challenge in health care (Straube, 2005). The process for documenting patient care was formalized during the years of Florence Nightingale’s practice the old status quo. Older nurses are having difficulty adapting to this change because their generation was driven by paper so they didn’t have to use the computer whereas the younger nurses have been exposed to technology must of their lives. A foreign element has been implemented into the care environment this has disturbed the status quo Satir second stage of the change model. A primary care setting feed ac keas given by receptionist stating â€Å"no one has time to scan charts for a physician who brought 1,000 patients with him to the practice†. The arrival of the â€Å"foreign element† electronic medical record precipitates a period of â€Å"chaos† According to Kiel (2011). â€Å"This is both the most liberating and terrifying aspect of the Satir Model†. The old way is out paper charting and the new way is in electronic medical record computer charting. Satir is optimistic in the fourth stage of the change model transforming idea people are calm, listening, being optimistic at that point they are ready to engage in problem solving. Not all transforming ideas are good you may have to try several times for chaos to achieve a renewed sense of direction (Kiel, 2011).Nurses that where apprehensive with the change from using paper charts to a computerized charting system where offered computer training classes, also some of the younger nurses offered to volunteer with in-house tutorial assistance. Chart software was purchase to help with staff development Rothenberg (2005). With integration and practice this stage of Satir’s change model the implementation of computerized charting nurses found themselves becoming more proficient in knowing more about computer technology and computer systems. According to Kiel (2011) â€Å"It is impossible to have too much support after implementation phase†. The last stage of Satir change model â€Å"new status quo† the older nurses now believe using a computer is like turning pages in a book. You access different screens and follow assigned task, like pain management vital signs, and a third for IO (Rose, 2011). | Kotter model| Kotter identified eight steps within the model after building on Lewin’s change model. Borkowski, 2005 identifies the following eight steps; (1) Establish a sense of urgency; This deals with the need for change and examines theOrganization’s crises, opportunity and competition.(2) Create a powerful guiding coalition; This should include all members not part of upper management. (3) Develop a vision; Create a vision for the change strategies to achieve it. (4) Communicate the vision; Using strategies and ways in which to communicate the vision, including new behaviors. (5) Empower others to act on the vision; Eliminate barriers to change creative problem solving. (6) Plan for and create short-term wins; plans for vision improvement recognize and reward staff involved.(7) Consolidate improvement produce more change; using hiring, promoting and developing employees to create more change.(8) Institutionalize new approaches; Reinforce changes by highlighting connection between new behavior Organizational success, ensure leadership succession (Borkowski, 2005). Utilizing Kotter’s model can be a guideline for all Organizations, when trying to implement a change process. According Du Plessis 2011, the biggest mistake people can make during a change intervention is tostart the process before a high enough sense of urgency has been established. Complacency is the biggest resistance factor to overcome in a change intervention, especially if there is no major or visible crisis.| Kotter eight step model can be applied in both small and large Organizations. For a change process to take place it is important to communicate with the staff members what is going to be implemented. Member’s involvement is also a significant factor. Being involved allows the individual to feel valued which makes the transition much easier. According to Spector 2010, people will become more committed to implementing solution, if they have been involved in the problem-solving process. For change to stick, it has to be integrated into the total psychic framework or personality and has to be supported by others whose opinions and perceptions the person cares about. (Winter, 2 002). Many Organizations feel that there is a need for change to improve the effective and quality of services offered to their customers. Examining Kotter model has key aspects in a change process. Important aspects such as; need for change, member inclusion, strategies problem solving, communication, rewards and recognition are all significant for small as well as large Organization to be successful. These key approaches will have less resistance and balance between the new structure and positive behavior among all staffs. Example of Organizations are health care settings; hospitals, nursing homes, and rehab facilities. | Complexity Theory| The complexity theory has emerged from the natural sciences in the 20ths century. It allows understanding of unexpected phenomena. The complexity theory (CT) has two applications. The metaphorical application is used by social science and a mathematical application is implemented by the physical sciences. The complexity theory addresses the dynamic, nonlinear, and complex nature of systems or organizations. Complex systems have multiple subsystems interacting at the same time with one another by nonlinear intertwined feedback loops which can produce unexpected results (Sanger Giddings, 2012). The complexity theory provides the following observations; first, small changes can generate massive or unpredictable changes. Second, changes applied under similar conditions are not guarantee to have the same outcomes. The results are unpredictable. Third, cause and effect are not continuous or directly proportional functions. Fourth, culture generates diversity so a standardization of processes cannot be implemented (Hoffman, 2012). The butterfly effect is exhibited in complex systems. This idea makes it easy to understand and remember the essence of the complexity theory. The butterfly effect explains that â€Å"small changes in a complex system may lead to large, unpredictable changes over time† (Sanger Giddings, 2012). This theory provides information on how the organization adapts to the environment and variable conditions.| The complexity model seems appropriate to deal with the constantly changing environment of the health care system. Managers and employees have to embrace the uniqueness of this system since they are forced to lead others particularly in the critical care environment. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) involves medical, social, psychological, and intertwined interactions. In addition, state and federal policies affecting the organization are considered as macro factors (Sanger Giddings, 2012). Federal and state issues focus on reducing the high cost of medical care and improving patient quality of care. One way that most hospitals are meeting these requirements is by keeping current with scientific advances in the medical field. Continuing education and updated knowledge have been essential in order to incorporate change and provide optimal patient care. This is not enough to improve overall performance of a complex system. Principles of complexity theory need to be applied in order to achieve optimal goals (Hoffman, 2012). The intensive care unit is a dynamic system affected by multiple factors interacting nonlinearly that can lead to unpredictable results. Complexity theory application can provide information on unexpected outcomes. Sedation administration, Rapid Response Teams (RRTs), and infection control are some of practices that will benefit from complexity theory application. Sedation administration in the ICU is done based on standard protocol in order to prevent failed spontaneous breathing, coma, and delirium. Unfortunately, more than 30% of patients still reported some of these symptoms. These unexpected results need to be evaluated using the complexity model (Hoffman, 2012).. | References Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational Behavior in health care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Du Plessis, M. (2011). Re-implementing an Individual Performance Management System as Change Intervention at Higher Education Institutions Overcoming Staff Resistance. Proceedings Of The European Conference On Management, Leadership Governance, 105-115. Emery, D. H. (2011). Managing yourself through change. Retrieved from www.http:// dhemery.com/articles/managing_yourself_through_change.html Hoffman, L. (2012). High-Value health care: Implication from Complexity Theory. Critical Care Alert, 20(7), 49-21. Kiel, D. (2011). Leading People Through Change. Retrieved from: www. http://cfe.unc.edu/pdfs/leading_people.html Rose, J.F. (2011). Charting challenges. Retrieved from: www. http://news.nurse.com/article.html Rothenberg, B. (2005). Medical technology as a driver of healthcare cost. Retrieved www.bcbs.com Sanger, M., Giddings, M. (2012). Teaching note a simple approach to complexity theory. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(2), 369-375. Schein, E. H. (2002, Winter). Models and tools for stability and change in human systems. Reflections, 4(2), 34-46. Retrieved from week 3 electronic reading. Smith, S, M. (2012). The Satir Change Model. Retrieved from www.http://stevensmith.com/ar-satir-change-model.html Spector, B. (2010). Implementing organizational change: Theory into practice (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Accounting Regulations Essay Example for Free

Accounting Regulations Essay Accountant Responsibilities By: Jennifer Koppelman March 11, 2014 Accountant Responsibility Accountants have responsibilities to many different groups such as their clients, the government and third parties. It is important that accountants act in a particular manner and have high ethical standards, integrity and professionalism. Accountant’s job responsibility is to validate financial statements and perform the duties in accordance with all the principles, standards and laws. Even though an accountant is hired by a company, they have a responsibility to many more people than just the company. Some of the people that accountants are responsible to, would be the companys management, investors, creditors, outside regulatory bodies, and the integrity of the financial markets. Accountants need to be consistent and constantly be carefully exercising due diligence and pay close consideration of the materiality of content (Accountant Responsibility). Accountants have a code of professional conduct that they should adhere to. This states that accountants should maintain objectivity and be free of conflicts of interest in the discharging professional responsibilities. An accountant in public practice should be independent in fact and appearance when providing audit and other attestation services. Situations where accountants will need to show objectivity would be when they are felt compelled to deliver bad news to a client or employer based on an analysis that they had performed (Colson, 2004). There are two different types of auditors; internal auditors and external auditors which have different responsibilities. Internal auditors have the main responsibility to develop statements that present the financial situation of a company in a fair way, meaning that as much disclosure as necessary to give a reasonable picture of the financial situation to any user having a claim to the knowledge. External auditor’s responsibility is to affirm that this has happened by issuing an opinion as to whether the financial statement fairly presents the financial position of that corporation (Duska, 2005). Accountant Responsibility to Clients Accountants have a professional responsibility to clients to keep their information confidential. The rule states that a member in the public practice shall not disclose any confidential client information without the specific consent of the client. This also extends to other accountants not directly involved with the client who obtain information through practice reviews or sanctioned disciplinary hearings to maintain confidentially. There are certain exceptions that facilitate compliance with other professional and legal obligations. Maintaining confidentiality is not only a professional obligation but also a legal obligation. General knowledge and expertise obtained through a client engagement is not considered to be confidential information (Cashell). Accountants have ethical responsibility to protect their clients, produce financial statements and tax returns that are to the best of their ability after performing proper due diligence. If there was an event that an audit would occur for a government agency they should represent their clients with professionalism. Accountants should always maintain the highest ethical standards. Accountants perform essential and critical roles in society. Accountants have responsibilities to all of those who use their professional services. The American Institution of CPAs has an official rule, Rule 301 states a member in the public practice shall not disclose any confidential information without the specific consent of the client. Accountant’s number one responsibility is to its clients, it is important that accountants do not disclose client information to anyone without the client’s permission first. There are consequences to the accountant if they do not keep client information confidential. It can also have a negative effect on the clients business, which will negatively affect the accountant also (ET Section 301 Client Confidential Information). CPA Responsibility to Clients Case Even when an accountant has the intention to warn others of pending financial harm the courts have held that accountants must not give any client information, client information should always remain confidential. In a case Wagenheim v. Alexander Grant Co the court ruled that Alexander Grant improperly divulged confidential information about their client, Consolidata Data Services, to other clients. Consolidata Data Services, an audit client of Alexander Grant performed payroll services for several of Alexander Grants other clients. Alexander Grant discovered that Consolidata Data Services was having financial difficulty; Alexander Grant warned their other clients to stop doing business with Consolidata Data Services. Alexander Grant argued that the other clients would suffer financial damage without warning them. The ruling was against Alexander Grant, the court said that there was no proof that Consolidata Data Services was in a financial hardship that they could not recover from. Which Alexander Grant had no legal right to inform third parties of the financial burden that Consolidata Data Services was in (Cashell, 1995). It is important that accountants keep client information confidential at all times. The accountant might not know the whole picture of a business and a company can state that they could have recovered from the financial burden but because the accountant may have told other clients that could ruin the reputation of the client and affect the business. It is always safer not to say anything in regards to the financial situations when you have an obligation to your client. Accountant Responsibility to Third Parties Accountants do not have as much liability to third parties as they do to clients. Accountants have a liability to third parties who are relying on the audit information, only if there is fraudulent conduct or proof of negligence would they be liable to the third party. When public accountants are done with an audit of their clients records and financials they put an opinion letter which sets forth, among other things, the scope of the audit and a professional opinion concerning the financial representations. Even though third parties may rely and act upon the auditor’s opinion, the auditor is contractually bond only to the client and usually owes nothing, no legal duty to third parties for negligence (Greene, 2003). Accountants need to be very careful when warning outsiders of a client’s fraud. Based on prior court cases, CPAs generally do not have an obligation to inform outsiders of known fraud unless if they remain silent they are becoming culpable themselves. It is a risky situation if an accountant decides to blow the whistle (Cashell, 1995). Accountants are generally not responsible to third parties in contracts because there is no privity of contract. However, accountants can be held to be a common law duty of care towards third parties in certain circumstances, despite that there is no contractual duties. Circumstances that give rise to such duty have been considered in a substantial number of cases in recent years and three general tests have been developed. One of the tests would be if there is foreseeability damage, proximity between parties and considerations of justice and reasonableness. Another test would be testing the assumptions of reasonability. If the court would take an incremental approach in comparing the relationship in any given case to previously decided cases in which a duty of care had been recognized or rejected. An accountant can be liable to a third party if the accountant knew or should have known that they were relying on the audit, only for fraudulent conduct and proof of mere negligence is not sufficient. If the accountant knew that the audit report for the client was intended to supply the information to a third party who would rely on the information. If the third party would be relying on the information in a decision concerning transactions involving the client and the third party (Professional Liability of Accountants Auditors). Duty to Disclose to Third Parties In some cases information should be disclosed to third parties but an accountant needs to be very careful and proceed accordingly. If it is detailed in their engagement letter, which is a written agreement to perform services in exchange for compensation then an accountant has a duty to disclose information. Once the letter is signed off on by an officer then the letter serves as a contract (Engagement Letter). In one case; Fund of Funds Ltd. v. Arthur Andersen Co. the CPA had a duty to disclose. Arthur Andersen was the auditor for two clients, Fund of Funds and King Resources Corp. King Resources Corp developed natural resource properties and agreed to be the sole vendor of such properties to Fund of Funds at prices no higher than those charged to King Resource Corp industrial clients. Arthur Andersen learned the agreement was not being met but failed to inform Fund of Funds. The court did rule that Arthur Andersen should have disclosed this fact to Fund of Funds because they had knowledge of the overcharges, knew the terms of the agreement that was being violated and the language of their engagement letter produced a contractual obligation to reveal that information. Another case involving duty to disclose, this one a CPA was found that he did not have a duty to disclose information. The case Gold v DCL Inc. , Price Waterhouse Co. informed DCL in December that they intended to qualify their audit report on DCLs financial statements. DCL was in the business of leasing computers and Price Waterhouse believed that their ability to recover their computer equipment costs was impaired due to the impending release of a new line of more powerful computers by IBM. In February, DCL announced earnings without mentioning Price Waterhouses concern and on February 15 Price Waterhouse was replaced. The court ruled that there was no basis in principle or authority for extending an auditors duty to disclose beyond cases where the auditor is giving or has given some representation or certification and the silence and inaction of the defendants auditors did not make them culpable. The courts reasoning that the CPA did not have to disclose was because the auditors had issued no public opinion, rendered no certification and in no way invited the public to rely on their financial judgment there was no special relationship that imposed a duty of disclosure (Cashell, 1995). Accountant Responsibility to the Government Different local, state and federal governments have different rules and regulations that accountants need to learn for the area and industry that they will be working in. This is important to find out and comply with the different regulations. This is part of an accountant’s responsibility to provide accounting services that are in compliance with the government regulations for your client’s particular industry. There may be different regulations for different industries so it is important to know which regulations are pertinent to your client. CPA for Responsibility to Government Case Some state laws might grant accountant client privileges, but these laws do not usually extend to a summons or subpoena related to a Federal Investigation by such agencies such as the IRS, or the SEC. In a case, Couch v. United States, the Supreme Court concluded that no Federal accountant client privilege exists and state created privileges do not apply to Federal cases. Before an accountant is responding to a Federal agency, the accountant should be sure that they are only responding to a valid and enforceable subpoena. In another case, Roberts v. Chaple, the Appellate Court ruled that the accountant violated Georgias statutory accountant client privilege because he provided information to the IRS without having been served a valid summons or subpoena. Some state privilege laws could also affect the ability to release information pursuant to a review of a CPAs practice. Firms are responsible for meeting and keeping client confidentiality obligations whenever state statutes do not clearly provide a confidentiality exemption for a peer review of a firms practice. Whenever an accountant is not sure on if information should be released it would be best to consult a lawyer and obtain legal counsel to ensure that they are not breaking any laws or violating any confidentiality agreements or obligations(Cashell, 1995). Conclusion Accountants need to be ethical and practice with the highest professionalism and ethics. Accountants have many responsibilities not only to the client that they are servicing but to the government and to third parties. Responsibilities are higher to clients then third parties but it is important to know when and where your responsibility for each is. If an accountant is negligent or not responsible to the parties when they should have been there are consequences. An accountants main responsibility is to their client, it is important to keep client information confidential at all times. Not keeping client information confidential can have a negative effect and consequences on the accountant and the client. It is important that accountants do not disclose client information without the permission from the client first. All accountants need to have and maintain the highest ethics, professionalism and confidentiality.

Treatment Options for Fracture Types

Treatment Options for Fracture Types Leah Jenkins There are many different treatment options for an oblique type fracture, a lot of it has to do with how severe the fracture is and what area of the body it is located. Many doctors will will different types of pain medication to handle the pain, in severe cases the doctor may need to give surgery and reset the bone. In other cases a cast may be a easy option. A plaster or fiberglass cast is usually the most common type of cast used for features, most bones are able to heal in their own if the broken part are positioned back to where they need to be. External fixation may also be used, the is a type of operation in which metal pins and screws are placed into the bone above or below the fracture site holding a frame that connects the bones in the proper position while they heal. Fractures may take many weeks to heal. Even after your cast or brace is removed you still will need to limit your movement until the bone is strong enough for everyday life. The bone will need time to heal and the ability to regain normal muscle strength, joint motion, and flexibility. Compound Fracture: A compound fracture is best described as an open fracture that breaks the skin. A fracture such as this can be more harmful than most due to the risk of infection, and damage to vital parts of the body. This fracture can take longer to heal as the damages can be more severe than others. A compound fracture is caused by pressure being placed on a thus causing it to snap. This type of fracture can be caused by a fall or a car accident. Due to the high energy needed to cause this fracture, the after effect can cause more injuries. Fractures, such as open, can vary on severity. For example, the wound can be pinpointed and the bone may or may not be visible. You can always bet with a compound fracture that the bone will press against the skin. Due to the bone breaking the skin the risk for complications such as soft tissue damage and infections such as staff are at higher levels than a fracture that doesnt break through the skin. With the risk, you need urgent surgery with treatment options of Internal and External Fixations, followed by further medical instructions by your surgeon. 2. Explain how a specific type of injury caused this fracture. To have a spiral fracture to your radius you have to have a pretty specific type of fall or impact. A spiral fracture is a fracture that wraps around the bone in the shape kind of like a spiral notebook. One example of how this can happen is, if a child or teenager (because there bones are more easier to fracture than adults) was in-line skating at a roller rink and fell on an outstretched hand. The energy from the falling would travel up the arm and fracture the arm. So typically a spiral fracture is due to falling or impact. An example of a spiral fracture due to impact is if a teenager hit a volleyball with their forearm with their radius facing up and the impact of the ball travelled to the arm and the bone has no choice but to fracture because there is no outsource for the energy to go anywhere else. Typically a spiral fracture takes 4 to 6 weeks to heal, depending on the severity, age, and health. To help prevent a spiral fracture, be sure to take calcium and get the daily reco mmendation of vitamin D. Having good bone health is a good way to make your radius stronger and the chances of these examples will go down drastically. 3. Explain how a specific type of injury caused this fracture. To have a spiral fracture to your radius you have to have a pretty specific type of fall or impact. A spiral fracture is a fracture that wraps around the bone in the shape kind of like a spiral notebook. One example of how this can happen is, if a child or teenager (because there bones are more easier to fracture than adults) was in-line skating at a roller rink and fell on an outstretched hand. The energy from the falling would travel up the arm and fracture the arm. So typically a spiral fracture is due to falling or impact. An example of a spiral fracture due to impact is if a teenager hit a volleyball with their forearm with their radius facing up and the impact of the ball travelled to the arm and the bone has no choice but to fracture because there is no outsource for the energy to go anywhere else. Typically a spiral fracture takes 4 to 6 weeks to heal, depending on the severity, age, and health. To help prevent a spiral fracture, be sure to take calcium and get the daily reco mmendation of vitamin D. Having good bone health is a good way to make your radius stronger and the chances of these examples will go down drastically. Greenstick Fractures Greenstick fractures are a type of break in a bone of the body that does not break all the way through but comes close, that is called an incomplete fracture. It also is a small break and is typically not very severe usually they are hairline fractures. When you break a bone as a greenstick fracture there are 2 different types of treatment options. One option is to wear a cast and the other one is percutaneous pinning. If the bone isnt badly fractured, which most greenstick fractures arent, then the orthopedic specialists will put the bone in a cast. The cast helps to immobilize the bone and that part of the body whether it is the arm or leg. Several sources have all agreed that the average time that somebody will wear a cast for a time period of 4-8 weeks depending on the severity of the fracture. The other treatment option of percutaneous pinning is for a more severe fracture. The Mayo Clinic said that if the break is bad enough they will chose to put pins through the bone with an external fixator around it to prevent the bone from breaking more and breaking completely through the bone. Another source stated that if the bone is slightly unaligned the Doctor or specialists will slightly tug on it to straighten it out a little and avoid having to pin the bone. In conclusion the two different treatment options agreed upon by multiple sources for a Greenstick fracture is casting and percutaneous pinning, casting is the largely preferred treatment option, however both treatment options meet the same goal of healing the bone and getting it back healthy for everyday activities.

Essay --

IMPAIRMENT AWARE ROUTING In WDM technology, the capacity of a fiber is divided into several subscribers by using light paths. In these paths traffic flows. Traffic between a pair of nodes may not fill up the available bandwidth of a light path. The network performance is affected by the transmission impairments which are due to the non ideal optical components. Since we have optical amplifier, optical switches and other optical devices and soon we have all optical equipments with the time and it is possibility that the entire network will be optical network. Transparent Optical Network Opaque Network There are two types of networks. These are opaque network and transparent network. In opaque network we have to do Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion at all nodes in the path. This type of network is costly because if we make a nationwide network then we will have to use a large no. of routers. But to make it less expensive we can use translucent network. In translucent network the regeneration is done only on a few nodes instead of all nodes. Transparent Network The other network that is transparent is less costly because there is no need of OEO conversion at the intermediate nodes. We can send analog signal in the transparent network. The size of transparent network is determined by impairments effects such as Chromatic dispersion (CD), attenuation, crosstalk, noise etc. Effects of Transmission Impairments on Routing and Wavelength Assignment When signal travels from source to destination then it may be ruined by linear and non-linear impairments. Linear impairments are amplifier noise, Group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), component crosstalk. The nonlinear impairments are self-phase modulation... ...s called Physical layer blocking. Advantages ïÆ'Ëœ Network load decreases by using IABP and IAFF ïÆ'Ëœ About 30 % reduction in blocking ïÆ'Ëœ Call admission criteria not only depends on the resource availability but also on quality of light path’s signal ïÆ'Ëœ A light path with good signal quality ïÆ'Ëœ Network resources are in intelligent control ïÆ'Ëœ Network used more efficiently Disadvantages ïÆ'Ëœ This technology cannot compute a route with minimal impairments ïÆ'Ëœ To find a qualified route path for the connection request it needs more than one trial ïÆ'Ëœ Algorithm does not consider residual-dispersion accumulation, power divergence, polarization-dependent loss gain (PDLIPDG), filter concatenation, signal transient, fiber nonlinearities. ïÆ'Ëœ When the data rate increases to 40 Gbps and furthermore, impairments become even more difficult ïÆ'Ëœ As load increases the call blocking increases

Louis Pojman’s Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong Essays -- Utilitari

Utilitarianism is a theory which states that the purpose of morality is to achieve maximal goodness in a society. It is consequentialist rather than deontological in that the moral value of ethical decisions are to be judged in terms of their effects, rather than the intrinsic properties of the acts themselves. Those effects are deemed good which generate the most pleasure or happiness, or which minimize overall pain. There are two classical types of utilitarianism which will be under our consideration: act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. Two objections to utilitarianism will be examined, as well as Louis Pojman’s responses to those objections in Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong. It will be shown that Pojman presents an adequate defense of utilitarianism, and that utilitarianism succeeds as a worthwhile moral theory. Act-Utilitarianism is the thesis that â€Å"an act is right if and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative† (Pojman 110). One conspicuous problem with the thesis is that it suggests that correct moral actions will often clash with our intuitions about basic moral norms. For example, Pojman refers to Richard Brandt’s criticism in which he points out that the act-utilitarian seems to be committed to helping the needy above one’s own family, repaying debts only if there is no better use for the money, and ending the lives of those who are a drain on others (Pojman 110). Rule-Utilitarianism is a response to this objection and an attempt to formulate a more plausible conception of the theory. Pojman’s definition is: â€Å"An act is right if and only if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set of rules whose acceptance would lead to greater utility for society tha... ... more difficult objections can be countered in various ways. The â€Å"no-rest† objection isn’t defeating, since leisure can be incorporated into the moral rules. The justice objection has two responses: one of defeat, the other of integration. I have found the response of defeat (that justice can be overridden) to be unsatisfactory, since justice is an intrinsic good that is absolutely necessary for human flourishing. The conciliatory approach to the justice objection seeks to integrate justice into the higher level rules. I think that this is a credible utilitarian position. It captures the importance of justice in our moral reasoning and legitimates utilitarianism as a moral theory without sacrificing the principles of consequentialism nor utility. Works Cited: Pojman, Louis P. Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong. 5th edition. Thomson Nelson. Toronto: 2005.

Existentialism in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay -- Metamorpho

Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis is a masterfully written short story about Gregor Samsa, a man who devotes his life to his family and work, for nothing in return.   Only when he is transformed into a helpless beetle does he begin to develop a self-identity and understanding of the relationships around him.   The underlying theme of The Metamorphosis is an existential view that says any given choice will govern the later course of a person's life, and that the person has ultimate will over making choices.   In this case, Gregor?s lack of identity has caused him to be numb to everything around him.      Ã‚  Ã‚   One morning, Gregor awakens to find himself with the body of a beetle.   Although it never explains how Gregor morphed into a beetle, or shows that Gregor gives much thought to having the body of an insect, Kafka gives the strong impression that Gregor is extremely devoted to his work and is the sole support for his family, none of whom work themselves.   Gregor devoted himself to a life of work and self sacrifice, following ...

Nursing Theory and Caring Essay

Caring is a simple yet strong and powerful word, an abstract concept commonly found in nursing theory. Caring implies responsibilities, connections, and trust. Nurses take on the role with pride and honor. Nurses are caregivers. Many nursing theorists looked and still do look at caring as a core concept for nursing practice. Three main theorists come to mind, Jean Watson, Patricia Benner, and Kristen Swanson, when thinking about nursing and caring, although many of theorists highlight the importance of caring in the nursing profession. Each theorist has an independent definition of what caring is, ways to use it in nursing, and what it means in the nursing world. The purpose of this paper is to examine the definition of caring through nursing and nursing theorists, compare different definitions based on the core concept of caring, analyze Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, and examine the current relevance in nursing practice, research, and development. Definition of Caring The Oxford English Dictionary defines caring as â€Å"to take thought for, provide for, look after† (â€Å"Care,† 2011, para. 3). Theorists look at the concept of caring and break it down to discover the exact meaning behind the abstract concept. Kristen Swanson developed a middle-range theory of caring based on maternity and early loss of pregnancy. Middle-range theories â€Å"have a high explanatory value† (Andershed & Olsson, 2009, p. 598). Swanson’s researches lead her to the discovery of what caring means. Swanson described caring as an accountability and connection to another person (Andershed & Olsson, 2009).Patricia Benner is more well-known for theory of Novice to Expert Nursing. Through her research she began to look at the common phenomena surrounding nursing. Patricia Benner worked with Judith Wruble on the theory Primacy of Caring, an attempt to unveil certain factors such as nursing practice, stress, coping, and the outcome of illness (George , 2011). One of the core phenomena surrounding nursing practice is the concept of caring. Benner defined caring as â€Å"an essential skill of nurses; a basic way of being in the world† (George, 2011, p. 662). Benner’s definition offers little in  respect a more concrete understanding. Other theorists who attempt to define the abstract concept include Boykin and Schoenhofer, Florence Nightingale, and Virginia Henderson. The leading lady in theory on caring is Jean Watson. The ethics of caring is the foundation for Jean Watson’s theory. Watson defines caring as â€Å"the coming together of a nurse and another in human-to-human transaction† (George, 2011, p. 662). Her theory offers more definition to the concept of caring and what caring within nursing entails. Comparing Definitions All of the aforementioned definitions have a similarity in the way humans are part of the caring. Each looks at the value placed on an individual and the holistic approach to that individual (Bailey, 2009). The concept of caring does not look at one specific attribute of humans, but the person. Each theorist took the concept of caring and established the caring as a fundamental and integral part of nursing. Watson looked at caring as a relation-ship between two humans. Swanson’s approach was the effect caring had on a certain population. Swanson’s efforts were to bring back to nursing practice the care that originally attracted most nurses (Watson, 2009). Benner’s concept derived from the skills necessary for nursing. Benner’s previous theory of novice to expert goal was to explain the progress of a novice nurse to an expert nurse using knowledge and experience to provide care. Bailey (2009) broke down the variety of caring definitions and discovered the e ssentialness of caring for the 21st century nurse. Each theorist takes caring and applies it to how nursing functions with a person in a holistic and comprehensive manner. Watson’s Theory Jean Watson, born in 1940, developed the theory of caring and published it in 1988 with a revision in 1997. As a contemporary nursing theorist, she garnered respect from some of the most notable theorists such as Nightingale, Henderson, and Benner. Watson has received honorary doctorate degrees, received numerous rewards, and still educates at the University of Colorado Denver. The base of Watson’s theory is the ethics and moral values placed on a person, not necessarily on patients. Watson’s concept is the need to preserve the dignity of the whole person through care and respect (Bailey, 2009). The care and respect Dr. Watson refers to is the connection  the nurse makes with the patient and the family. The respect she refers to belongs also to that connection. Metaparadigms are world views. Nursing theory tends to center on four key concepts, person, environment, health, and nursing as metaparadigms. Watson’s theory of caring centers on the person, or persons, affected by the nursing care provided. In 2010, Dr. Watson gave a thrilling and emotional speech about the nursing care her father, mother, and stepmother experienced. The speech centered on the care and compassion provided by the nurses encountered (Fights, 2010). The story accurately depicts Jean Watson’s concentration on the metaparadigms of person and nursing. Her very moving story led to the Academy of Medical Surgical Nursing to adopt three words to define the medical-surgical nurse; compassion, connection, commitment (Fights, 2010). Application in Current Nursing The concepts and theories provided by Dr. Jean Watson still thrive in current nursing curriculum and practice. The United States faces one of the largest health care issues and reforms. Nursing shortages and increased expenditure on health care has caused the nation to look at ways to transform the current health care setting into a more profitable business. Jean Watson believes this happens through reinforcing the Theory of Human Caring throughout the health care field (Watson, 2009). Part of Watson’s theory is the 10 factors of caring The first three factors of caring make up the philosophy of Jean Watson. The concept behind the philosophy of caring is to practice in a caring model and not a curing model. Jean placed a large amount a value on the need for humanistic and altruistic care, the instillation of hope and faith in care, and sensitivity to the nurse and the patient receiving care (Nursing Theories, 2011). Current practice of the Caring Model presented by Watson includes Central Baptist Health in Lexington, KY., St. Mary’s Hospital in Richmond, VA., and Scottsdale Health Care in Scottsdale, AZ., and many others. Government health care reform has provided health care systems to look at the satisfaction of the patient and family in relationship to reimbursement. This is an attempt to cutting health care costs nationwide. The result is patient and family-centered theories that guide evidence-based practice Jean Watson’s theory is ideal for the transformation. Johanna Briggs Institute Research has a focus of evidence-based practices. The Johanna Briggs Institute provides sound and peer reviewed information to those knowing where to look. In researching the theory of caring, the application to current health settings is not always spelled out. In an evidence-based practice sheet produced by the Johanna Briggs Institute on stroke victims, there is a clear representation of Watson’s theory. The evidence demonstrates the need to understand the psychosocial spiritual experiences of stroke victims during the recovery process (Johanna Briggs Institute, 2009). Watson’s theory has an element that takes into account the human experience of the spirit instead of the spiritual experience of the human (Nursing Theories, 2011). Nurses need to look at a patient and what he or she is experiencing to gain the connection with the person and family and also demonstrate the commitment and compassion for what the patient and family is experiencing. Conclusion Many theorists take into account necessity of caring for a patient. Benner, Henderson, Swanson, and Watson all developed theories and philosophies based on the core concept of caring and providing care in the nursing world. Although all theories are part of current curriculum and many appeal to the contemporary nurse, Watson’s theory has stood the test of time and has been resilient even during hard economic times and reform. The 10 factors of caring of the caring philosophy govern the way a nurse practices and looks at a patient. The spiritual experiences of a patient transformed into a deep connection between the nurse and patient. Reform has pushed systems to re-evaluate the way providers deliver health care and the perception of nursing care based on that care. Systems use financial incentives to create change. Evidence-based research uses Watson’s theory and definition of caring to provide background and support. Watson’s definition broadens the scope of nur sing and includes the holistic approach to all nursing realms. References Andershed, B., & Olsson, K. (2009, September). Review of research related to Kristen Swanson’s middle-range theory of caring. Scandinavian Journal of Caring of Caring Sciences, 23(3), 598-610. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00647.x Bailey, D. N. (2009, March). Caring defined: A comparison and anlysis. International Journal of Human Caring, 13(1), 16-31. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?vid=10&hid=11&sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=rzh&AN=2010235968 Fights, S. D. (2010). from AMSN, Commitment, compassion, connection. MEDSURG Nursing, 19(6), 313-316. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&vid=24&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=56601234 George, J. (2011). Nursing Theories: The base for professional nursing practice (6th ed.). Boston, AK: Pearson. Johanna Briggs Institute. (2009). The psychosocial spiritual experience of elderly. Retrieved from http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/ViewSourceFile.aspx?0=503 Nursing Theories. (2011, June 21). Jean Watson’s philosophy of nursing. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html Watson, J. (2009, March). Caring science and human caring theory: transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and health care. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 31(4), 466-482. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail?sid=157942a0-9e5e-4c79-8ebc-b532097da582%40sessionmgr11&vid=45&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=19385422

John B. Watson

The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (http://psychology. about. om/od/behavioralpsychology/f/ behaviorism. tm) With Kinesthetic and Visual my next top two, Behaviorist Theory fits well as far as looking at others or to the environment to learn. Again, I take it back to my kids and how they watch what I do and learn from either what I teach them or from their own mistakes and me teaching them what are right. Being in the military also works well, due to the amount of training we received and how we are rated for our performance as a soldier. Rewards are awarded for doing well which is positive reinforcement and drives a soldier to continue to learn and earn the next rank or position.Aural, Visual and Kinesthetic will affect my education pursuit as an adult learner. According to Clark Hull's Drive Reduction Theory â€Å"behavior occurs in response to â€Å"drivesâ₠¬  such as hunger, thirst, sexual interest, feeling cold, etc. When the goal of the drive is attained (food, water, mating, warmth) the drive is reduced, at least temporarily. † (http://www. lifecircles-inc. com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/ clarkhull. html) As an adult learner in the military and needing education to be able to be selected for the next rank, my learning style will have to be at its best.Clark Hull's heory fits my learning ability pretty well, in the manner that I need to finish school and get my degree to move up in rank. Prior to getting my Associates degree, I had to motivation to attend school. When I found out I needed certain classes to become a Warrant Officer it gave me a drive to work to get those classes done and then some. Now I find myself thinking that I will not need any more schooling, but to be separate from my peers I have to complete a Bachelors degree. Not only will this help in the now, as far as rank, but when I retire I will have a degre e to assist in a good paying ob.In closing, I am not too shocked at the results that I got trom the V questionnaire and agree entirely to have Aural my top pick. I need that visual aid or picture to help me become a better learner and understand whatever is being taught. Doing the research on my VARK results and what type of learning theories can relate, I have learned there are different ways to learning and each learning theory has a theory that some Psychology major created. i. e. Clark Hull and his Drive Reduction Theory. I have related my VARK to the Behaviorist Theory and Social Learning Theory. John B. Watson The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. (http://psychology. about. om/od/behavioralpsychology/f/ behaviorism. tm) With Kinesthetic and Visual my next top two, Behaviorist Theory fits well as far as looking at others or to the environment to learn. Again, I take it back to my kids and how they watch what I do and learn from either what I teach them or from their own mistakes and me teaching them what are right. Being in the military also works well, due to the amount of training we received and how we are rated for our performance as a soldier. Rewards are awarded for doing well which is positive reinforcement and drives a soldier to continue to learn and earn the next rank or position.Aural, Visual and Kinesthetic will affect my education pursuit as an adult learner. According to Clark Hull's Drive Reduction Theory â€Å"behavior occurs in response to â€Å"drivesâ₠¬  such as hunger, thirst, sexual interest, feeling cold, etc. When the goal of the drive is attained (food, water, mating, warmth) the drive is reduced, at least temporarily. † (http://www. lifecircles-inc. com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/ clarkhull. html) As an adult learner in the military and needing education to be able to be selected for the next rank, my learning style will have to be at its best.Clark Hull's heory fits my learning ability pretty well, in the manner that I need to finish school and get my degree to move up in rank. Prior to getting my Associates degree, I had to motivation to attend school. When I found out I needed certain classes to become a Warrant Officer it gave me a drive to work to get those classes done and then some. Now I find myself thinking that I will not need any more schooling, but to be separate from my peers I have to complete a Bachelors degree. Not only will this help in the now, as far as rank, but when I retire I will have a degre e to assist in a good paying ob.In closing, I am not too shocked at the results that I got trom the V questionnaire and agree entirely to have Aural my top pick. I need that visual aid or picture to help me become a better learner and understand whatever is being taught. Doing the research on my VARK results and what type of learning theories can relate, I have learned there are different ways to learning and each learning theory has a theory that some Psychology major created. i. e. Clark Hull and his Drive Reduction Theory. I have related my VARK to the Behaviorist Theory and Social Learning Theory.

Concepts in Biology: Syllabus Essay

ATTENDANCE – It is important that you make every effort to attend all of the lectures. There is a high correlation between higher test grades and attendance. Please arrive on time and avoid leaving early. You are responsible for all lecture material and the assigned material in the text that is relevant to the topics covered in class. Preview the text before coming to class and have a framework for understanding the lecture material. After lecture read the parts of the text directly relating to lecture and review your notes before studying. You should study – at least – 3 hours for each 75 minute lecture. Attendance will be  taken – unannounced – throughout the semester. CELL PHONES AND TEXTING is a distraction to you, your neighbors and to the lecturer. Please turn off your cell phone before entering room 404E. Talking on your cell phone or text messaging during class is inappropriate behavior. LAPTOP COMPUTERS are also a distraction to others in the class. Please put your laptop away during lecture. You learn best by creating your own handwritten notes. EXAMINATIONS will be machine graded. YOU WILL NEED A #2 PENCIL for filling out the ScanTron forms. Exam scores will be reported to you on eLC. If you have any questions about your test  scores, check with Ms. Davis in the Biology Office (room 403). You should have a #2 pencil with you for every class! (attendance/ exams). Memorize your 810 number – you will need it for quizzes, exams and attendance checks. ACADEMIC HONESTY: â€Å"Whatever form it takes, academic dishonesty hurts everyone: It is unfair to other students, it diminishes the reputation of the University and the value of the degree it confers, and it can result in serious disciplinary action† (Dr. Robert Kirkman, Georgia Tech). As a student of the University of Georgia, it is your responsibility to become familiar with, understand,  and abide by the standards contained in â€Å"A Culture of Honesty†. Any person appearing to be academically dishonest will be reported to the office of the Vice President for Instruction. For more information regarding academic dishonesty, please consult â€Å"A Culture of Honesty† available on the web at www. uga. edu/ovpi/academic_honesty. htm. Ignorance of these regulations is not a defense in cases of infringement. The penalties for academic dishonesty can be severe. So, JUST DON’T DO IT! GRADES: There are four (4) fifty (50) question exams and a comprehensive final exam. Each correct  exam question is 2 points (100 points/exam). Exams will have a total value of 400 points. The final exam will have 100 questions worth 200 points. Total points for the semester are 600. 20 or more extra credit points will be available through unannounced attendance checks and quizzes. Final grades are based on your total accumulated points and will be awarded as listed below: Possible Points for the Semester Exams – 4 exams x 100 points / exam 400 points Final Exam 200 points Total 600 points Grade % Total points A 93 -100 558 A- 90 – 92 540 B+ 87 – 89 522 B 83 – 86 498 B-80 – 82 480 C+ 77 – 79 462 C 73 – 76 438. C- 70 – 72 420 D 60 – 69 360 F

Oil and Gas Problems in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges Kazakhstan is endowed with rich oil reserves, which provide an important source of revenues for stable economic growth and improvement of the country's living standard. This paper addresses the challenge the Republic of Kazakhstan faces in managing its oil supply chain. The country's capacity for refining crude oil is minimal and a substantial portion of that refining capacity is outside the Republic; added to that, most of the pipelines and refineries to export oil to international markets are jointly managed by the Republic and multinational corporations (MNCs).Thus there are political, technological and financial risks for the republic's oil supply chain. 14 Jay Nathan, The Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. John's University As in other oil producing nations, Kazakhstan's oil industry revenues directly depend on the worldwide prices for oil and oil products, based on supply and demand; and revenues depend on the cost of pro duction and transporting the final product to customers (Rasizade, 1999). For Kazakhstan's oil supply chain, the physical distribution infrastructure connecting supplies of crude oil to refineries and to the world markets through pipelines, has been challenging and costly.Moreover, currently Kazakhstan is equipped with only a few ; refineries and therefore the major portion of Kazakhstan's crude oil is being refined in Russia. Recently, China has invested heavily in the construction of pipelines across the Republic of Kazakhstan to supply the increased demand for oil in China. Thus Kazakhstan has to manage political, technical and financial risks in the integration of her oil supply chain (Gaudenzi and Borghesi, 2006; Lockamy and McCormack, 2004). In the era of rapid technological development and globalization. It is imperative that every nation adapts to such an environment.Supply chain management has become an important means for sustaining competitive advantage for all successful industries and businesses (Magretta, 1998). The objective of every supply chain, including the global oil industry, is to maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates [to an organization, or to a nation] is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and the effort the Introduction Kazakhstan has considerable deposits of oil; however, the country faces a serious disadvantage of not having any direct access to the open sea, as the Caspian Sea is landlocked.While her oil industry's upstream cost, i. e. , the cost for exploration, development and production of crude oil, may be similar to that of most other oil producing nations, its downstream cost, i. e. , transportation of crude oil to the refinery, refining and transportation to markets in particular, is more costly (Sridharan, Canines and Patterson; 2005). For Kazakhstan to transport the oil to world markets, the industry has to depend on pipelines (Cavenagh, 1999) through ot her countries. Also, maintaining such an operation requires a large number of skilled workers, but Kazakhstan does not have enough of them.Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 15 supply chain expends in filling the customer's request. For most commercial supply chains, value will be strongly correlated with supply chain profitability, the difference between the revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain (Chopra and Meindl, 2003; Lee, 2002; Cavinato, 2002). The Republic of Kazakhstan will do well to monitor—especially to sustain growth — the overall value of her oil supply chain in the coming years. because of refinery gain {www. gravmag. com, 2006).It is important to note that greater economic rewards can be gained only with well-integrated global oil supply chain management. Oil Production Sharing Agreement and Risks in Kazakhstan The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Fuel an d Energy of Russia, periodically set quotas for Kazakhstan's oil flow through Russian territory. For example, on December 25, 2000 the quota for Kazakhstan was set at 17. 3 million tons. The memorandum between Kazakhstan and Russia of October 9, 2000 sets the principle of â€Å"a single route,† whose sole operator is the Kazakh Oil Company.Annual quotas depend mainly on the political relations between the two nations. Besides politics, there is also a technical risk factor, i. e. , the high degree of pipeline wear and deterioration, which may hamper the effectiveness and quality of services provided to exporting countries. In addition, the lack of proper maintenance of these oil pipelines does exist primarily due to the fact that a large number of well-trained local technicians and engineers who are required are not available to day (Doing Business with Kazakhstan, 2004).Kazakhstan's oil pipeline systems were built in the '70s {more than 60 percent of oil pipelines of the Wes tern branch, to be exact) and the rest in the '80s {75 percent of the Eastern branch). Thus, at the end of the year 2000, Oil producing countries and global supply chains Energy makes the wheels of global supply chains go round (Bud La Londe, 2006). A typical oil supply chain begins with the crude oil producer, next, the oil moves to the refiner, the transporter, the retailer and finally to the gas pump where a customer receives the product.The top world oil producers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, Mexico, China, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Norway, Kuwait, Nigeria, Brazil, Kazakhstan and Iraq. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) controls major crude oil supplies to the world. OPEC influences the price of crude oil by setting production quotas. The values {revenue opportunities) are added by processing and chemically changing the crude oil, which is called â€Å"refining. A 42-gallon barrel of crude oil makes about 19 1/2 gal lons of gasoline, nine gallons of fuel oil, four gallons of jet fuel and 11 gallons of other products, including lubricants, kerosene, asphalt and petrochemical feed-stocks to make plastics. This adds up to more than 42 gallons Supply chain management has become an important means for sustaining competitive advantage for all successful industries and businesses. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 16 55 percent ofthe pipelines were 10 to 20 years old and 12 percent had been used for more than 30 years.Only 1 percent has been used for less than 10 years. As time goes by, those pipelines are getting even older and that means not only the risk and cost of maintaining them would be larger, but also the situation presents serious technical problems as well for the Republic of Kazakhstan {Petroleumjournal. com, 2006). form of joint ventures, production sharing agreements and exploration/field agreements. Oil is recovered from 55 fields. The largest of these fields are: Ten giz (some one billion tons of predicted oil reserves); Karachaganak (340 million tons in oil reserves, more than 1. billion tons in gas condensates and more than 1. 3 trillion cubic meters of natural gas); Uzen (with over 1. 5 billion tons of geological hydrocarbon reserves, of which more than 200 million tons are extractable) and Kumkola (with 350 million tons of oil reserves, of which 80 million tons of oil and 75 billion cubic meters of natural gas are proven). The Caspian and Aral Sea shelf also contain significant reserves. Currently, there are only three major refineries in Kazakhstan: Atyrau, Shymkent and Pavlodar (see Exhibit 2). Kazakhstan's Oil Fields and ProductionMangistau and Atyrau oblasts (provinces) are the main oil producing areas in Kazakhstan (see Exhibit 1). They account for more than 70 percent of the total oil extracted in the Republic. The other three extracting regions, Aktyubinsk, Kzylorda and Zapadno Kazakhstanskaya, account for the remainder. International oil projects have taken the Exhibit 1: Production (in thousand tons) by regions 1998 Crude oil, thousand tons Aktubinskaya Atyrauskaya Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya Kyzylordinskaya Mangistauskaya 23,818. 7 2,640. 8 11,135. 1 3,007. 8 7,035. 0 1999 26,735. 8 2,326. 7 12,359. 3 3,928. 8,121. 7 2000 30,647. 9 2,701. 1 13,422. 0 13. 5 533. 8 9,173 2001 36,060. 0 3,405. 3 15,589. 5 49. 4 6,172. 8 10,843. 0 Source: National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 17 Exhibit 2: Design and Delivery Capacities of Major Refineries Plant Design Capacity m In. tons Actual Deliveries min. tons Per month Design thousand tons Actual thousand tons Per day Design thousand tons Actual thousand tons Shymkent Oil Refinery PavlodarOil Refinery Atyrau Oil Refinery 6. 5 3. 6 2. 3 590 326. 8 189. 5 245. 4 19. 7 22. 6 14 10. 9 6. 3 7. 5 4. 677 418 2. 7 8. 2 Source: National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005 †¢ Pavlodar (a foreign investor was given a man agement concession in 1997; the plant has been under government control since summer 1999) processes mainly light crude from Siberia and supplies the northern region of Kazakhstan; †¢ Atyrau belongs to Kazakhoil, processing heavy domestic oil and supplies the western region; †¢ Shymkent was mostly sold (95 per cent) to private investors in 1996. It processes dedicated crude from the region (Kumkol, Aktyubinsk, Turkmen fields) and supplies the south, particularly Almaty.Kazakhstan's Oil Production and Distribution Costs A multitude of different schemes exist for dividing oil revenues between the host country and the foreign partner. The usual target for distribution of revenue from production to market is about 85 percent to the host country and 15 percent to the oil company. This ratio can be construed in a variety of different ways with different types of contractual forms; it also depends on the host country's laws and preferences, but in general oil companies target thi s ratio.This number has varied over the years. For example, in Saudi Arabia the ratio is much higher in favor of the Saudis due to huge reserves and tower production costs. In the Caspian, the ratio is likely to be lower due to additional transport costs of getting the oil out of the region, i. e. , pipeline construction costs and transit fees and political risks in the area. Part of the problems with signing contracts with Caspian nations has been the nations' unwillingness to recognize the economic necessity of decreasing the ratio (Feiveson, 1998).The upstream breakdown of costs is about 10 percent for exploration to find an economical field (odds are about one in 10 holes drilled will hit a commercial-sized field), 80 percent (or higher) to develop the find and 10 percent in continued on pg. 20 The benefits an increased number of properly educated personnel would befar the proper management of the entire supply chain activities are enormous; it is a strategic necessity for the R epublic of Kazakhstan to leverage and sustain future oil revenues. Major Oil Pipelines and their Routes MapHere are the various Kazak pipelines and their routes: Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 18 Exhibit 3: Map of Major Pipelines Oil ptpalin «a Existing) prundw eonsiruClioR A Maior Ott nekl RBfinoty  » Planntd wunott †¢ †¢ confl ruction 0 Mil « 200 Km 400 Oil Pipelines Infrastructure in Central Asia Source: Adapted from Kazakhstan Oil and Gas International Conference Proceedings, 2002 The major pipelines are identified by the Kazakhstan Ministry of Power, Industry and Trade as the projected priority export routes for oil in the following order: 1.Atyrau-Samara pipeline: The possibilities for oil exports along the AtyrauSamara oil pipeline are restricted by its throughput capacity and by the quota set by Russia. This is a constraining factor for the growth of both crude oil production and export supplies. To increase the throughput capacity from 1 0 to 15 million tons per year, a series of technical measures in Kazakhstan and Russia are being taken at a cost of 22 million dollars; Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 2. Tengiz-Novorossisk oil pipeline: The Caspian Pipeline Consortium's (CPC) oil export pipeline project is a short-term priority westward.This project ensures an independent outlet for Kazakhstan's oil exports to the Black Sea and opens up opportunities for the attraction of foreign investments in the oil-and-gas sector. The necessary agreements for the project participants have already been signed and operations initiated; 3. Trans-Caspian pipeline: Planned to follow a route through the Black Sea to Turkey, the Trans-Caspian oil pipeline project is considered to be a priority. The oil pipeline will stretch from Western Kazakhstan to an outlet on the Mediterranean (the Turkish port of Ceyhan) via the Caspian Sea.The territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey creates risks for the project due to th e complicated mountainous terrain and water barriers and the need to cross confiict-prone zones; 4. Kazakhstan-China pipeline: Since 2004, in the Kazakhstan section of the Caspian Sea, the volume of the crude oil production has increased. The export oil pipeline of the CPC alone cannot meet the demand for oil transportation infrastructure. Preliminary engineering and economic calculations have shown that an oil pipeline eastward to China is a promising and economically favorable project.The Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline project can, simultaneously, meet Kazakhstan's national security interests and provide an outlet to meet China's growing demand for oil. The oil pipeline's route will pass over the territory of Kazakhstan and China will guarantee the project funding. The downside of the project is that the People's Republic of China can potentially control the price paid for the oil; 5. Persian Gulf-Iranian oil pipeline: The Persian Gulf-Iranian oil pipeline provides another possible oil pipeline route to the south.However, severe competition from OPEC countries can bring about a reduction in the price paid for oil from the Persian Gulf. Consequently, a reduced load on the oil pipeline may occur at some time in the future due to low profitability in that market. No terms for investment mobilization for this project have yet been defined; 6. Arabian Sea-Trans-Asi an oil pipeline: The Trans-Asian oil pipeline via Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan to an outlet in the Arabian Sea is politically highly risky, since it passes over the territory of Afghanistan.Currently, consideration is being given to the basic question of how the funding will be organized for the project. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 20 Exhibit 4: Comparison of Transport Costs per barrel of Kazakh Oil Route Cost to Port $1. 42 $1. 42 $1. 42 Black Sea Tanker Second Pipeline Final Tanker Cost $1. 23 Total Tengiz Novorossiysk Samsun Ceyhan NovorossiyskBosporus Bypass T urkmenistan – Kharg Source: KazakhOil Report, 2005 $2. 65 $3. 46 $3. 17 $2. 50 $0. 40 $0. 40 $0. 88 $0. 59 $0. 76 $0. 76 $0. 93 $1. 57 operating costs to produce the oil.Exploration costs are cash expenditures, which include payments for exploration licenses to the host countries. Development costs are capital costs depreciated over time and operating costs pay for themselves with the sales of crude oil production. Downstream costs include transportation of crude to the refinery, refining, transportation of products to market and marketing. If one were to examine the cost breakdown of a gallon of gas {called petrol in some countries) averaged around the world, from ground to market, the distribution would be approximately: †¢ 2. percent for exploration †¢ 12. 5 percent {or more) for production and development †¢ 20 percent to the host government †¢ 2. 5 percent for transportation to a refinery †¢ 7. 5 percent for refining †¢ 2. 5 percent to trans port to market †¢ 2. S percent for marketing †¢ 50 percent in taxes to the consumer at the pump For example, the costs per barrel for export of Tengiz oil are: lifting costs (the costs to get crude oil extracted from below surface and bringing it to the ground level) $2, pipeline costs $1. 2, transit fee $3, shipping by oil tanker {including other means) $1. 23. The total comes to $7. 65. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges In Kazakhstan the preferred contract form is a joint venture between a foreign firm and a state enterprise, generally KazakhOil, which is the state oil company. In a joint venture both the state enterprise and the foreign venture invest stated amounts of capital, which can take various forms, including physical assets and rights to land. Risk is shared in proportion to capita! nvested. The amount of control the foreign firm has is usually limited and in some cases joint ventures are little more than contracts for procurement. The usual t arget for distribution of revenue from production to market is about 85 percent to the host country and 15 percent to the oil company. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 21 Kazakhstan has two separate pipeline networks: a crude oil pipeline from Western Siberia supplies Pavlodar and Shymkent, while Atyrau runs solely domestic crude from northwest Kazakhstan.The current pipeline system is fragmented and does not link the east and the west of the country, nor does it move petroleum from oil producing fields in the west of the country to the Pavlodar or Shymkent refineries located in the north and the east. The domestic pipelines capacity will not cope with the anticipated significant volume increases the Republic hopes to be producing in the years to come. At present some of Kazakhstan's production is exported by means of barges to Baku, Azerbaijan, where it is fed into the Azerbaijan pipeline network system and sent to world markets (Rasizade, 1999).The existing pipe line networks will require large investments, if Kazakhstan is to develop its crude oil and gas potential to the fullest. Kazakhstan's major oil ports are: Atyrau and Aktau ; major oil export pipelines are: Tengiz-Novorossiisk (Russia); Uzen-AtyrauSamara (Russia); the Kenkyak-Orsk (Russia) line that transports oil from the Aktyubinsk fields to the Orsk refinery; and the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) that transports oil from Western Kazakhstan to the Black Sea at Novorossiysk (Baker and McKenzie, 2002).Even though the Republic has upgraded its overall educational system, especially the post-secondary curricula, degree offerings and the academic rigor modeling after the Western-type system, there is still a paucity of engineers and technicians to maintain and to sustain the growth of the oil industry. The benefits an increased number of properly educated personnel would be for the proper management of the entire supply chain activities are enormous; it is a strategic necessity for the Republic of Kazakhstan to leverage and sustain future oil revenues. Current Issues in Global Energy MarketIn recent years, demand for energy has surged. This unrelenting increase has helped fuel global economic growth, but placed considerable pressure on suppliers augmented by geopolitics and other disruptive factors. On the demand side, increased energy security and environmental concerns may lead to changes in consuming countries' energy policies. These uncertainties have been reflected in the market through volatility and high prices (Birol, 2006). Daniel Yergin of Cambridge Energy Research Associates Inc. (CERA) during a symposium on â€Å"The Economics and Geopolitics of Russian Energy† at Georgetown University in Washington D. C. n October 29, 2007, forecasted that oil prices are becoming increasingly decoupled from the fundamentals of supply and demand (Yergin, 2007). Policy Implications for the leadership in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is not a major player in geopolit ics. OPEC member states and Russia have political clout in the global energy market. Russia, Kazakhstan's northern neighbor, not only has huge oil reserves on her own, but also Energy makes the wheels of global supply chains go round. Kazakhstan's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges 22 controls the refining capacities, as well as some of the flows of refined oil from Kazakhstan to world markets.However, for the young republic, the rich deposit of oil is a blessing; at the same time, it can easily be squandered by mismanagement and bad public policy. Fortunately, in today's global world — armed with first-class business know-how and with lessons learned from other oil producing nations — it is possible for the leadership of Kazakhstan to take a long-term view of proven crude oil deposits in the Caspian Sea and within the sovereign republic of Kazakhstan. 7. Feiveson, H. (1998). â€Å"The Problem of Caspian Energy. † Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. 8. Gaudenzi, B. and A. Borghesi. (2006). Managing Risks in the Supply Chain Using Ahp Method. † International journal of Logistics Management, vol. 17, pp. 114-136. www. gravmag. com 9. Lee, Hau L. (2002). â€Å"Aligning Supply Chain Strategies with Product Differentiation. † California Management Review, pp. 105-119. 10. Lockamy, A. and Kevin McCormack. (2004). Linking SCOR planning practices to supply chain performance. International journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 24, pp. 1192-1218. 11. National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, 2005. www. petroleumjournal. kz References 1. Birol, F. (2006). â€Å"World Energy Prospects and Challenges. The Australian Economic Review, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 190-195. 2. Bud La Londe. (2006). â€Å"Energy Problem Cries for Decisive Action. † Supply Chain Management Review, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 6. 3. Cavenagh, A. (1999, February 24). â€Å"Caspian Oil Project Has a Slov^ Road to Syndication. † Project Fin ance International, pp. 50-51. 4. Cavinato, J. 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